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Chapter 1:
Overview of the Body
Outline
A.Introduction to Anatomy &
Physiology
B.Human Body Orientation
C. Body Positions
D. Movement
E. Body Regions
A. Introduction
Anatomy
(morphology):
“cutting up”; the
structural make-up of
an organism
Physiology:
The functions of an
organism
Fine or Microscopic
Anatomy:
examines microscopic
features of the body
(cells / tissues)
Gross Anatomy:
examines features of the
body visible to the
naked eye (systems /
organs)
Pathology: study of
human diseases
B. Human Body
Orientation
When the body is in
Anatomical Position it is:
1) in an erect posture,
2) with arms at the sides,
3) palms & feet facing
forward.
Directional
orientation
refers to the
view one has
of a person
Directional
planes
describe
different ways
a body can be
viewed &
divided
Directional Orientation
Superior:
• toward the
head
Inferior:
• toward the
feet
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12004
Ex. Lungs are superior to the diaphragm.
Directional Orientation
Medial:
 toward the
midline
Lateral:
 away from
the midline
Ex. Big toe is medial to the little toe.
Proximal :
 close to an
attachment
point
Directional
Orientation
Distal:
 far from an
attachment
point
Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Directional Orientation
Superficial:
 towards the
surface
Deep

away from
the surface
Deep:
 away from
the surface
Ex. Skin is superficial to muscles.
Anterior:
Directional Orientation
(Ventral)
• front view
Posterior:
(Dorsal)
• back view
Ex. Chest is anterior to shoulder blades
Directional Planes
Sagittal Plane:
• lengthwise planes
dividing the body into
right & left sections
Midsagittal Plane:
• divides the body into
equal halves
Directional Planes
Frontal Plane:
• divides the body
vertically into anterior
& posterior sections
Coronal Plane:
• anterior & posterior
sections referring to
head region
Directional Planes
Transverse Plane:
• divides the body
horizontally into
upper & lower
sections
Concept Check 1
1. Define anatomy.
means to “cut-up”; the study of the structure of an organism
2. What is the difference between the study of fine anatomy and gross
anatomy?
Fine anatomy – studies microscopic features of the body (lab)
Gross anatomy – studies larger features that can be viewed with the
naked eye
3. Distinguish the difference between the terms physiology and
pathology?
Physiology – how anatomical features function
Pathology – anatomical and physiological studies of human disease
Concept Check 2
1. Distinguish between the terms lateral and medial.
Lateral – means away from the midline
Medial – means toward the midline
2. What is the difference between the terms inferior and distal?
Inferior – refers to a body part that is below another
Distal – any body part that is located far from an attachment point
3. What are alternate terms for anterior and posterior?
Anterior – ventral
Posterior – dorsal
Concept Check 3
1. What is the difference between a sagittal plane and midsagittal plane?
Sagittal – divides the body lengthwise into right and left sections
Midsagittal – divides the body lengthwise into equal halves
2. Define the term frontal plane?
Frontal plane – divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior
sections
3. What does transverse plane mean?
Transverse – divides the body horizontally into upper and lower sections
C. Body postions
SUPINE:
body is lying face up
PRONE:
body is lying face
down
Lithotomy:
legs are placed on supports
that hold the ankles and spread out the legs
D. Movement
• Antagonistic:
opposing
movements
Flexion   Extension
Abduction   Adduction
Inversion   Eversion
E. Body Regions and Cavities
• Body regions
are divided into
general
locations,
abdominopelvic
regions, and
quadrants
Bilateral: – body parts
located laterally on
both sides of the body
Unilateral: – single
body part found in a
lateral location
Dorsal
cavity
• The human
body is
naturally
divided into
internal
cavities
Ventral
cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
1. Thoracic cavity: – esophagus, heart, lungs,
respiratory tree
Pericardial
cavity:
encases heart
Pleural
cavities:
encase the
lungs
Cutting Edge Research:
Smoking and the Thoracic Cavity
Pneumothorax – condition in which one or both lungs
collapse
Spontaneous pneumothorax – occurs in the absence of
injury to the chest or lungs;
• 7X more likely to occur in males than female
• male smokers are 20X more likely to develop SP
than male nonsmokers
• female smokers are 9X more likely to develop SP
than female nonsmokers
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal and pelvic
regions
Abdominal :
liver, gallbladder,
intestines, kidneys,
spleen, stomach
Pelvic:
rectum,
reproductve
system, urinary
bladder
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
Dorsal Body Cavity
1. Cranial cavity:
brain
1. Spinal cavity:
spinal cord
Online Review Game of Terms
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP15405
Concept Check 4
1. Define the term antagonistic in relation to body movement.
Antagonistic – describes opposing movements
2. Distinguish between the terms flexion and extension.
Flexion – to bend a joint; creates a smaller angle between two body
parts
Extension – movement that straightens out a joint; creates a larger
angle between two body parts
3. Name and describe the antagonistic movements for flexion,
abduction, and eversion.
flexion  extension
abduction  adduction
eversion  inversion
Concept Check 5
1. Define the abdominopelvic region.
the abdomen region lies just below the breasts and the pelvic region lies
just above the groin
2. What is the name of the center-most section of the abdominopelvic
region?
umbilical region
3. How does the quadrant system differ from the abdominopelvic
sections.
simpler way to describe the body regions; only divides the
abdominopelvic section in 4 parts; less detailed
Concept Check 6
1. What structures are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?
liver, gall bladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, stomach, reproductive
organs, rectum,
2. Distinguish between the thoracic cavity and the spinal cavity.
Throacic cavity – superior to lumbar region; encases esophagus; heart,
lungs, respiratory tree
Spinal cavity – runs medially dorsally, protects the spinal cord
3. What are the sections of the spinal cavity?
Cervical region (neck) – 7
Sacral region (back of pelvic bone)
Thoracic region (chest) – 12 Coccyx region (tail bone)
Lumbar region (lower back) – 5
Case Study Investigation #1: Conclusion
 What region did the knife enter? How do you know?
- knife entered the left hypochondriac region; caused redness and
swelling in the pelvic region
What organs can be found in this region? Why might it be dangerous if these organs
are punctured?
- stomach, pancreas; both produce chemical capable of degrading the
body’s internal parts that may have settled at the bottom of the
abdominopelvic cavity
Why do you think the patient is having trouble breathing? Is there a name for this
condition?
- Knife could have been pointing up and penetrated the left portion of the
thoracic cavity; puncture to the lungs may have caused pneumothorax
(collapsed lung)