Download The Human Body: An Orientation Introduction Levels of Body

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Introduction
The Human Body: An Orientation
Anatomy
Physiology
• The study of the structure of the human body
• Subdivisions
• The study of body function
• Subdivisions – organ systems – Gross or macroscopic • Regional anatomy
• systemic anatomy
– Microscopic • histology
– embryology
Levels of Body Organization
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Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level Organ Systems
• Notes from the board
Characteristics Common to All Vertebrates
• vertebrae
• Bilateral symmetry
• Tube within a tube
The Language of Anatomy
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Standard anatomical position (SAP)
Regional terms — designates specific body areas
• The standard position of reference for the description of anatomical structures ‐
“universal language”
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standing erect Face forward Upper limbs at sides
palms forward Feet forward Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections
• Used to “visualize” internal structures
• Plane
– Coronal (frontal) plane
– sagittal plane
i l l
– Transverse (cross‐section or horizontal) plane
– Oblique plane
Body Planes and Sections
• Coronal plane
– divides body into anterior and posterior parts
• Sagittal plane
– Divides body into R. & L. sides
Di id b d i
R & L id
• Transverse plane
– divides body into superior and inferior parts
• Section
Directional Terms
• describe the position of body structures relative to another with precisions
• Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
– Anterior (ventral)  posterior (dorsal) – superior (cephalic) inferior (caudal)
– medial  lateral
– proximal  distal
– Deep (internal)  superficial (external) Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity
• Ventral body cavity (coelom) – Thoracic cavity • Right/Left pleural cavities
Ri ht/L ft l
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• pericardial cavity
• Mediastinum
– Abdominopelvic cavity
• Peritoneal cavity
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Serous cavities
• 3 closed cavities • Serous membranes
– Parietal serosa
– Visceral serosa
Vi
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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS AND REGIONS Abdominopelvic Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• provide more precise regional descriptions
• used in clinical discussions
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