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Astronomy
Hey there-- you with the stars in
your eyes…
Why bother?
Why bother?
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…Moon river, wider than a mile
…Blue moon, You saw me standing alone
…there’s a bad moon on the rise
…Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars
…Shine on harvest moon
…if you want to write a song about the moon
…I would fly you to the moon and back
…The moon begins to rise upon my fallen eyes
…I was on the moon when you were born
…till, I'm hanging on the moon
…watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ...
…Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck
Why bother?
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A
Google
search
…Moon river, wider than a mile
turned
…Blue moon, You saw me standing
alone up
…there’s a bad moon on the rise
23,000,000
hits
…Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars
for a search of
…Shine on harvest moon
…if you want to write a song
about the moon
“moon
song
…I would fly you to the moon and back
…The moon begins to rise upon lyrics”
my fallen eyes
…I was on the moon when you were born
…till, I'm hanging on the moon
…watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ...
…Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck
Why bother?
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Don’t
even
…Moon river, wider than a mile
get me
…Blue moon, You saw me standing alone
…there’s a bad moon on the rise
started
…Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars
about stars!
…Shine on harvest moon
…if you want to write a song about the moon
…I would fly you to the moon and back
…The moon begins to rise upon my fallen eyes
…I was on the moon when you were born
…till, I'm hanging on the moon
…watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ...
…Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck
Why bother?
Why bother?
1.
2.
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5.
The things we see in the sky inspire us
Light and heat come from the Sun
A major impact event will ruin your whole day
The moon (and sun) cause the tides
The orbit of the Earth around the sun causes
the seasons
6. The sun and moon are used for calendars
7. To see what’s out there.
What’s out there?
From near to far, from here to there, funny
things are everywhere (TSG 1960)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
What’s out there?
From near to far:
.
1) the Moon
2) Sun
3) Planets
4) Other stuff in the Solar system
5) and other stars
6) Nebulas
7) Galaxies
What’s out there?
From near to far:
.
1) the Moon
2) Sun
The Universe
3) Planets
4) Other stuff in the Solar system
5) and other stars
6) Nebulas
7) Galaxies
Earth-Moon system
The moon and the Earth are both about
4.5 billion years old.
The moon is made of rock—it may have a
partly molten layer inside. It has no
standing water or atmosphere
Most moon rocks resemble basalt, but some
very special types have been found
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative sizes?
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative sizes?
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative sizes?
Diameter: Earth 12.7 Mm vs Moon 3.5 Mm
Mass:
Earth 6000Yg vs Moon 74 Yg
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative distance?
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative distance?
The moon is 400,000 km from the Earth,
about 32 times the diameter of the Earth
Earth and Moon
Which pair shows their relative distance?
The moon is 400,000 km from the Earth,
about 32 times the diameter of the Earth
How does the moon affect us?
aka:
Why
bother?
Part 2
How does the moon affect us?
How does the moon affect us?
1)
2)
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4)
How does the moon affect us?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Tides
Light after sunset (depends on the phase)
Eclipses frighten weak minds.
Basis for some calendars
Inspiration
Tides
No moon
Tides
With a moon
Tides
• The moon’s gravity attracts the Earth and
the oceans.
• It makes the oceans bulge up on opposite
sides of the earth.
• The sun does this too, but it’s too far away
to do much.
Tides
This makes two high
tides every day as
the Earth rotates.
With a moon
Tides vs. phase of the moon
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tides vs. phase of the moon
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tides
• If the sun and moon are lined up, high
tides are higher.
Tides
• If the sun and moon are lined up, high
tides are higher.
……..
Tides
• If the sun and moon are not lined up, high
tides aren’t as high.
Tides
• If the sun and moon are not lined up, high
tides aren’t as high.
Phases of the moon
• The sun illuminates the half of the moon
facing the sun. The rest is too dark to see
Phases of the moon
• What will you see?
Phases of the moon
• What will you see?
Phases of the moon
• What will you see?
Phases of the moon
• What will you see?
Phases of the
moon
http://astro.unl
.edu/naap/lps/
animations/lps
.swf
Phases of the moon
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
We saw a full moon Jan. 30
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
We will see a full moon Feb. 28
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
We saw a half moon Feb. 5
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
You won’t see the moon Feb. 14
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
We will see a half moon Feb. 22
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
In between?
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
Finish it.
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
These are called:
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7Feb. 13
Feb. 14Feb. 20
Feb. 21-27
Full
Waning Gibbous
Waning Crescent
Waxing Crescent
Waxing Gibbous
These are called:
Full Moon
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7New
Feb.
13
moon
Feb. 14Feb. 20
First
Feb. 21-27
quarter
Last
quarter
Waning Gibbous
Waning Crescent
Waxing Crescent
Waxing Gibbous
Full
http://www.moonphases.net/calendar/index.php
Full Moon
January
24-30
Jan. 31Feb. 6
Feb. 7New
Feb.
13
moon
Feb. 14Feb. 20
First
Feb. 21-27
quarter
Last
quarter
Waning Gibbous
Waning Crescent
Waxing Crescent
Waxing Gibbous
Full
Eclipses
• The moon can throw a shadow on the
Earth at a new moon
• The sun is blocked out.
• This is a solar eclipse—only parts of the
Earth are affected.
Solar Eclipse
Partial solar eclipse
Annular
Annular
Time-Lapse
Africa
6-21-01
Africa
6-21-01
Eclipses
• The Earth can throw a shadow on the
moon at a full moon
• The moon is blocked out.
• This is a lunar eclipse—far more common,
can be seen from half of the Earth
Lunar eclipse beginning
Lunar calendars
• Solar calendars: 365.24 days per year
--Requires very careful measurements to
determine the date
--Every 4th year is a leap year
• Lunar calendars: 12.36 months per year
--Anyone can see the phase of the moon
--Every 5th year is a leap year
One small step for a man, one
giant leap for mankind.
One small step for a man, one
giant leap for mankind.
• In 1961, President Kennedy announced the plan
to put a man on the moon.
• June 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong made the first
step onto the moon
Twelve men have walked
on the moon—the last, in
1972
Gravity
• Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686)
F=G*m1*m2/d2
The force of gravity is proportional to the
product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them
Gravity
• Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686)
F=G*m1*m2/d2
The force of gravity is proportional to the
product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them
If you’re twice as big, you’ll weigh twice as much
Gravity
• Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686)
F=G*m1*m2/d2
The force of gravity is proportional to the
product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them
If you’re on a planet twice as big as the Earth,
you’ll weigh twice as much
Gravity
• Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686)
F=G*m1*m2/d2
The force of gravity is proportional to the
product of the two masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them
If you’re twice as far away, you’ll weigh onefourth as much
Orbits
• Orbits are ellipses
• Ellipses can be very eccentric (like
comets)
or nearly circular (like planets)
Orbits
• Kepler’s laws
• One focus holds the primary, the other is
empty
• Objects move faster when they’re closer to
the primary
• The period squared is proportional to the
width of the orbit cubed
Special Orbits
• LEO:
• GEO:
• Transfer orbits:
Special Orbits
• LEO: low Earth orbits
• GEO: geosynchronous orbits
• Transfer orbits:
Special Orbits
• LEO: low Earth orbits—good for landsats
• GEO: geosynchronous orbits—satellite
stays over one point on the equator—good
for communication satellites
• Transfer orbits: intersect with another orbit
Special Orbits
• LEO: low Earth orbits—good for landsats
(90-250 miles high)
• GEO: geosynchronous orbits—satellite
stays over one point on the equator—good
for communication satellites
(26,000 miles high)
• Transfer orbits: intersect with another orbit
(any height, very eccentric)
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Terrestrial
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Gas giants
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Moons
Mercury
0
Venus
0
Earth
1
Mars
2
Gas giants have many (usually small) moons
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Dwarf planets include Pluto and the asteroids
Solar System
Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets
Comets are ice, rock, and dust in eccentric
orbits. They make a tail when they get
closer to the Sun.
The Planets (scaled for size)
Mercury
Venus (in infrared)
Do you need a label?
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto (dwarf planet) and its moon,
Charon
A comet
(notice the two tails)
A comet
(notice the two tails)
Direction of
the comet
Towards
the Sun
Diameter Distance
(Mm) (AU)
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
4.9
12
13
6.8
140
120
51
50
2.2
.39
.72
1
1.5
5.2
9.5
19
30
39
Diameter Distance
(Mm) (AU)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Pluto
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
0
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
4.9
12
13
6.8
140
120
51
50
2.2
.39
.72
1
1.5
5.2
9.5
19
30
39
Diameter Distance
(Mm) (AU)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Me
rcu
ry
Ve
nus
Ea
rth
Ma
rs
Jup
iter
Sa
turn
Ura
nus
Ne
ptu
ne
Plu
to
0
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
4.9
12
13
6.8
140
120
51
50
2.2
.39
.72
1
1.5
5.2
9.5
19
30
39
There’s a reason for the seasons
The Earth’s axis is tilted!
Summer in
the northern
hemisphere
Summer in
the southern
hemisphere
Other stellar systems?
• As of Jan. 2010, 429 planets have been
discovered around other stars.
Stars
• www.astrocappella.com/sun.shtml
• Nuclear fusion
…there are kinds of stars?
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Size
Temperature
Age
Herzsprung-Russel Diagram
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red
orange
yellow
white
blue
(less than 3500oC)
(3500-5000oC)
(5000-6000oC)
(6000-7500oC)
(over 7500oC)
Special stars
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White and brown dwarfs
Red and blue giants
Neutron stars
Black holes
Binary stars
Variable stars
Constellations
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Historical
Mapping
Astrology
The Zodiac / the ecliptic
Galaxies
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Spiral
Barred
Irregular
Groups and superclusters
Other stuff--Nebulas
• Light and dark—a cloud of dust and gas
• A dark nebula blocks the light of stars
behind it.
• A light nebula is lit by stars in front of it.
Other stuff-Nebulas
Telescopes
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Refractors
Reflectors
Observatories
Non-visible spectrum