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Opening Question (3/20) • What does the term MAIN stand for and list the reason each term helped cause WWI – M = ___________ caused WWI because… – A = ___________ caused WWI because… – I = ___________ caused WWI because… – N = ___________ caused WWI because… – You better get this because it will be a part of your Third Quarter Test (after spring break) • This will be an essay question!!! MAIN – Long Term Causes of WWI • M = Militarism – Growing Armies, “Arms Race”, using war as tool of foreign policy • A = Alliances – Agreements like the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente dragged European countries into war in 1917 • I = Imperialism – European powers competed for territories and colonies • N = Nationalism – Rivalries grew between nations desiring to create stronger empires and ethnic groups wanting their own country (“Balkan Powder Keg”) – These LONG TERM CAUSES created so much tension/drama that the murder of a minor European political figure (Archduke Ferdinand) caused the entire continent of Europe (and then the rest of the world) to go to war… Brief Review of Russian Revolution • 1917 – Russian Revolution begins and Czar Nicholas II abdicates his throne – A provisional government is set up • October Revolution (1917) – Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over Russia’s government • Russian Civil War (1918-1922) – Between the Bolsheviks (Soviets) vs. Mensheviks (the landowners, conservatives, republicans and those opposed to the unfavorable treaty Lenin signed with Germany.) • The west does not support the Bolsheviks "Bolshevism must be strangled in its cradle," Winston Churchill said. 1918: Lenin Begins to Change Russian Society • Treaty with Germany cedes land in exchange for peace. • All industry nationalized. • Independent labor unions banned. • Grain requisitions: armed • officials seize grain from farmers to feed the poor. Housing space seized and distributed. "Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth" Communist poster, 1920 • • • • • • Successor States (Allies worry for the future independence of these states…) Austria Hungary Czechoslovakia Conflicting values expressed in Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles influenced the determination of national borders in Eastern Europe. Yugoslavia Wilson strongly advocated national self-determination. Poland But France feared any arrangement that would strengthen Germany. Some AustroHungarian lands were ceded to Romania, Ukraine and Italy The new national divisions left large German and Hungarian minorities in a number of countries. New European Democracies Were Created from the Old Austro-Hungarian Empire Before WWI, AustriaHungary was the second largest country in Europe (after Russia), and the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). Nationalist conflicts within the empire were one of the causes of WWI, and led to the ultimate collapse of the empire. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created in 1922. Ukraine Transcaucasian Region Russia Belarus Leninism: The Telescoping of History Karl Marx, considered the father of communism, wrote that history proceeds through distinct stages: feudalism, capitalism, imperialism, etc. Only after going through these stages, Marx thought, could society advance to communism. Lenin argued that under the right circumstances, such as those of Russia in 1917, the intermediate steps could be skipped. Marx wrote about the dictatorship of the proletariat, a period in which the working class would govern society while the ultimate classless society of communism was developed. To Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat meant that a small group of dedicated individuals would lead society forcefully so that the groundwork could be laid for the future ideal society. Worldwide Appeal of Communism Russia was the first country to attempt to put the theory of socialism into practice. Many workers and intellectuals around the world thought that at last there was a chance to overcome the inequality and exploitation of market capitalism and build a society in which everyone was respected and cared for. Communist parties emerged in the U.S. and Europe, and also in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where many countries suffered from poverty and the remnants of colonialism. Maoist demonstration, Nepal Leon Trotsky Trotsky was a key figure in the Russian Revolution, second only to Lenin. From 1918 to 1925, he was People's Commissar for Army and Navy Affairs and commander of the Red Army. When Lenin died in 1924, Trotsky was widely expected to assume leadership of the country. Instead, that role went to Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Central Committee. As leader of the Left Opposition, Trotsky opposed Stalin. He was purged from the Communist Party in 1927 and exiled in 1928. From exile, he continued to oppose Stalin and Stalinism. Trotsky was assassinated by Stalinists in 1940 at his home in Mexico City. Lenin, Trotsky and soldiers of the Red Army, 1921 "Have you signed up as a volunteer?" Civil war recruitment poster Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union TROTSKYISM For decades, Communists around the world were divided. Some remained loyal to the Soviet Union and took direction from the Central Committee. Other were aligned with Trotsky’s Left Opposition. Bitter struggles between the two groups took place in many countries. Leon Trotsky's grave in Coyoacán, Mexico. His house is now a museum. War Communism and the New Economic Policy War Communism (Plan for economy during Russian Civil War) From 1918 through 1921, the Bolsheviks implemented radical economic changes. Under "War Communism," all industry was nationalized, private enterprise was made illegal, and economic planning was centralized. The results were disastrous for the Russian economy and led to a major famine in 1921. NEP (New Economic Policy) In 1921, Lenin introduced the NEP to the USSR. The state retained control of banking and major industries, but small business ventures were allowed, farmers were allowed to sell surplus production, and trade restrictions were loosened. "We are not civilized enough for socialism," Lenin said. In 1929, Stalin abolished the NEP. Famine of 1921-1922 Causes: Disruption of agricultural production by WWI, the revolution and the civil war. War Communism economic policy. Drought of 1921. Results: Approximately five million deaths. Permanent Revolution vs. Communism in One Country Lenin believed that the Russian Revolution was merely the first step in a worldwide workers’ revolution. Trotsky believed that the Russian Revolution could only succeed in the context of permanent worldwide revolution. Stalin believed that the opportunity for worldwide revolution had passed, and that the USSR should concentrate on building communism in one country. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union April 3, 1922 – March 5, 1953 Born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in Georgia. Transformed Russia from a backward agrarian society to a major industrial powerhouse through his Five-Year Plans (1928-1938). Replaced the NEP with a command economy totally managed from the top. Instituted a totalitarian regime under which millions died in purges as well as in the famine brought about by his forced collectivization of agriculture. The Great Terror of the late 1930s marked his regime as one of the most oppressive in history. Stalin at 24 in 1902 Young Stalin The son of a serf and a cobbler, Stalin grew up poor in Georgia, a land occupied by the Russian Empire. Georgian was his first language. In school he was forced to learn Russian. He excelled at school (first in his class), as well as at singing, poetry, and street fighting. In 1898*, he joined the new Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, which later became the Bolshevik Party. After reading Lenin, he decided to become a revolutionary. *or 1901, according to some sources From 1899 to 1917, Stalin worked as a revolutionary. He organized strikes, wrote articles, and at least once led a major bank robbery and passed the money to Lenin. He was often in prison, or exiled to Siberia. He met Lenin at a Bolshevik conference in Finland in 1903.* He consistently supported Lenin and the Bolsheviks against the Mensheviks. *or 1905 Stalin Becomes Party Secretary After the revolution, Stalin held various positions in the party and the Red Army. In April 1922, Stalin was made General Secretary of the Communist Party, a position he kept until his death in 1953. In 1922, he was one of several party leaders. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Stalin emerged as the principal party leader. By 1927, he had become the absolute dictator of the USSR. Dictatorship: Rule by one person, not limited by law, constitution or competing political interests. ("The law is what I SAY it is") Totalitarian State: The state regulates every aspect of social and personal life. In practice, most dictatorships implement totalitarian practices, and totalitarian states tend to be firmly led by a single person, a dictator. Stalin Creates a Totalitarian State Instituted one-man rule. Eliminated/murdered political opposition. Used secret police and informers to spread terror and insure obedience. Ordered massive deportations and executions. Extended state control over every aspect of Soviet society. Stalin: Cult of Personality Stalin, like Mussolini and Hitler, used his control over the mass media to build a "cult of personality." In posters, articles, and on the lips of the faithful, he was proclaimed the "beloved leader." "Comrades, the cult of the individual acquired such monstrous size chiefly because Stalin himself, using all conceivable methods, supported the glorification of his own person." - Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin’s successor, in his famous 1956 "secret speech" denouncing the excesses of Stalinism. First Five-Year Plan: 1928-1933 Stalin resolved to quickly move the USSR to the forefront of industrial nations. He was successful, but at the cost of millions of deaths and much suffering. "Old Russia was continually beaten because of backwardness. It was beaten by the Mongol khans. It was beaten by Turkish beys. It was beaten by Swedish feudal landlords...It was beaten because of military backwardness, cultural backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness...That is why we cannot be backward any more." - Stalin Under the first two Five-Year Plans (19281937), the USSR was transformed into a major industrial power. Under construction, circa 1930 Construction on the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station in the Ukraine began in 1927. When it came on line in 1932, producing 650 megawatts of electricity, it was one of the largest power plants in the world. 1929 propaganda poster showing enemies of the Five-Year Plan: Landlords, kulaks (prosperous farmers), journalists, capitalists, White Russians, Mensheviks, priests, and drunkards. Forced Collectivization The collectivization of agriculture was key to the Five-Year Plan. Stalin needed peasants to leave their farms and work in the new factories. He believed that large collective farms would be more productive than peasant agriculture. Projected increase in grain yields was 150%. Soviet Propaganda Poster "Comrade, come join our kolkhoz" (collective farm) Left: Collective farmers demonstrate: "We kolkhoz farmers, on the basis of complete collectivization, will liquidate the kulaks as a class." Collectivization was imposed in stages. At first it was voluntary. As the Five-Year Plan proceeded, collectivization was imposed on unwilling peasants. Right: First tractor arrives at collective farm, 1929 Negative Consequences of Collectivization in the First Five-Year Plan Number of domestic cattle (meat, dairy and draft animals) fell by 50%. Many peasants killed their draft animals rather than surrender them to the collective. Hundreds of thousands of kulaks (prosperous farmers) were killed or sent to Siberia for resisting collectivization. Holodomor: "The Hunger Plague" There was tremendous resistance to collectivization. Ordered to bring their draft animals and livestock to the communal farm, many kulaks killed their animals instead. With fewer draft animals and not enough tractors, grain production declined. When a drought hit in 1932, a great famine swept much of the country, especially the Ukraine, and millions died of hunger. Famine victims, Ukraine, 1932-33 Historians dispute the cause, nature and extent of the famine: Natural disaster. Unintended consequence of the Five-Year Plan. Deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. In 2003, the Ukrainian parliament declared the Holodomor an act of genocide. Some historians argue that the famine was not a deliberate attempt to eliminate the Ukrainian population, but that it could have been prevented if Stalin had not drawn off food resources to support the Five-Year Plan. Ukrainian peasants trying to get to the city in search of food, 1933. Holodomor memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery - Photo by Håkan Henriksson Second Five-Year Plan: 1933-1938 The first Five-Year Plan was declared a success in 1932, one year ahead of schedule. Industrialization and collectivization were continued in the second Five-Year Plan. By 1938, the USSR had been transformed into a major industrial power. This would enable the Soviet Union to resist the Nazis in the second world war. Moscow Metro The world’s secondmost heavily used metro system. First line opened in 1936. Mayakovskaya Station Much of the construction was done by forced labor crews working in terrible conditions. Soldiers working on metro construction, 1937 Magnitogorsk: Founded 1929 Magnitogorsk was one of the great achievements of the Five-Year Plans. It was a giant steelworks built to take advantage of large nearby iron deposits. It became a major steel center and played a role in WWII military production. Magnitogorsk is still a major steel producer and one of the 45 most polluted cities in the world. Moscow Show Trials leading up to the Great Purge On Dec. 1, 1934, Sergei Kirov, a popular Party leader and Stalin loyalist, was murdered. His murder set off a series of public "show trials" in which many Bolshevik leaders “confessed” to crimes against the state and were executed. The trials were followed by the "Great Purge," in which many Party members and others suspected of disloyalty were imprisoned or executed. Many leading communists were tortured and their families threatened and killed to get them to confess to false crimes against the state. The show trials were public spectacles, eagerly watched by international observers. These saw only the staged confessions, not the torture and intimidation that led up to them. Lev Kamenev Founding member of the Politburo. Executed 1936 for anti-Soviet terrorism. Nikolai Bukharin Opposed forced collectivization. Executed 1938 for conspiring to overthrow the Soviet state. Grigory Zinoviev Leading Bolshevik and close associate of Lenin. Executed 1936. Poster from a 1936 show trial in which scientists were forced to confess to sabotage and espionage in the service of foreign powers. "A Blow Has Been Struck against the Leadership of the Interventionists" Red Army Purge In 1938, Tukhachevsky and other leading Red Army commanders were tried for espionage with Germany, convicted and executed. This was the beginning of a purge of the Red Army that resulted in the deportation or execution of 30,000 army officers. One half of the officer corps was purged. This weakened the Red Army, and may have emboldened Hitler to attack Russia three years later. Mikhail Tukhachevsky The Red Bonaparte The Great Purge: 1937-1938 A wave of terror swept the Soviet Union. 8½ million were arrested, most without any judicial process. One million were shot, while many more died in prison work camps. Half the Communist Party, including almost all the old guard who had been with Lenin and Trotsky, was purged. Secret police and informants permeated Soviet life. A prisoner about to be shot by NKVD executioners - Painting by Nikolai Getman GULAG: The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies A system of forced labor camps for political and other prisoners. Hundreds (perhaps thousands) of forced labor camps provided part of the workforce for the Five-Year Plan. Criminals were sent to the camps by the courts. Many political prisoners were sent there without trial. Entering Labor Camp (a leaf from Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya's notebook) Prisoners in GULAGs and Penal Colonies 1931-32 1935 1939 Labor Camps Penal Colonies 200,000 800,000 300,000 1.3 million 350,000 Background: Prisoner labor at the construction of Belomorkanal, 1931–33 "Beloved Stalin Is the People's Happiness!" Government under Stalin • Politburo (Political Bureau) runs government in Russia (Stalin controls them) – near absolute authority • Uses fear to control people of USSR – He is a dictator (one of the worst) • Government represses religion – Take all religious property, close churches, imprison or execute church officials • Government represses art, music, and writing – Only “Socialist Realism” allowed (Soviet propaganda)