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Review 600 - 1450 Roots of Hinduism • Who’s the founder? • No original founder • Grew out of early Aryan beliefs in multiple Gods. • Is there a sacred text? • Beliefs come from the Vedas and other Indian epics, poems and songs Each believer sees Brahman differently Reincarnation • What’s the ultimate goal of existence? • to achieve moksha, or union with Brahman. • What is reincarnation? • the soul (atman) passes through many lifetimes: before it finally achieves moksha Effects of the Caste: Duty Ensured social order. How? Caste rules governed every aspect of life: clothes, foods, friendship, marriage, job, neighborhood and education Law of Karma determined caste It gave people a sense of identity Siddhartha Gautama • Born around 566 BCE • Founder of Buddhism • Grew up an Indian prince surrounded by wealth and luxury • Saddened by amount of suffering by people. Buddha: The Enlightened One “Four Noble Truths”: 1. All life is full of suffering 2. The cause of suffering is wrong desires like wealth and power 3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire 4. The way overcome is by following the “Noble Eightfold Path.” Spread of Buddhism How Buddhism Spread from India to East Asia Theravada Vs. Mahayana Theravada “way of the elders” Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) and parts of Vietnam Follow the original teachings of Buddhism Buddha was a great teacher Mahayana “large vehicle Practiced in Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, Tibet and Nepal Buddha was a god and pay homage to Buddha like deities who came in the form of men and believe they can be saved by the faith in these gods Allowed for a broader interpretation of the teachings of Buddhism because Buddha had not provided for all the answers 2 Empires of India Asoka - The Most Honored King Became emperor in 268 B.C.E Converted to Buddhism and rejected violence Help his people “his children” by making roads and planting trees Promoted Buddhism but preached tolerance of other religions The Guptas 320 – 550 C.E. 2 Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a period of great cultural achievement. “Golden Age” Learning… Scholars taught many subjects at Hindu and Buddhist schools. The Silk Road Connected China to the Mediterranean and drew together the different regions of Eurasia Islam The Religion and a Way of Life The Basic Teachings of Islam Islam (surrender to the will of God) is monotheistic, Based on the teachings of the Quran based on the belief in one God (Allah) Contain words of Allah Are there any similarities to Judaism and Christianity? Five Pillars of Islam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All Muslims accept five duties faith “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger daily prayer (5 times facing Mecca) charity to the poor fasting during Ramadan (9th month of Islamic calendar; Quran was revealed to Muhammad hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca (once in lifetime) Muhammad Flees! •From Mecca to Medina in 622 and becomes the political leader and leads many to embrace the faith •This journey becomes known as the “hijra” a turning point for Islam Islam as a Way of Life •The Islamic system of law, called Sharia, regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community. •How do you convert to Islam? •Gradually learn about Islam •Must cite “there is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger” Movements Within Islam Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam. SUNNI Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority. SHIITES Believed that only descendents of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendents of Muhammad to be divinely inspired. SUFI Sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. These are the mystics of the Muslim world. Islam Penetrates Europe Invasions of Europe, 700–1000 More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars. How Feudalism Works Describe life in feudal society in the period from 300 to 1200. manor system Weakened central governments the majority of the population worked on land owned by the head of the manor. depended on a system of allegiances based on promises of military service. Women Domestic duties Noblewomen were important as heiresses and candidates for marriage Women sometimes owned land and performed administrative duties, but most often a wife exercised control only during her husband’s absences. Byzantine Empire to 1000 How did the development of the Byzantine Empire differ from the development of western Europe? The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine emperors was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and tradition. centralized control whereas western European institutions were decentralized. exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and religious power in one person Foreign threats Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim expansion. The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople itself was captured. Byzantine Christianity Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians Clergy kept right to marry Greek was language of the Church Review the Reasons for Decline Crusades, 1096–1204 What were the causes and consequences of the Crusades (1096 -1204)? Cause to unite European Christians in a common cause to make the kings and noble vassals under his spiritual leadership (Pope Urban II) Regain the holy land Motivated by a desire to open up trade Pilgrimage the Crusades were basically armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Impact ended centuries of western European political and intellectual isolation. Geography of the Americas The Olmecs, 1400 B.C.E-500 B.C.E Founded the first American Civilization Laid the political foundation of the Mesoamerican societies Civilization Location Capital City Good Stuff Years Maya The Maya were located mainly in the Yucatan Peninsula, and stretched to Belize & Guatemala Tikal Hieroglyphics 365 day calendar counting system using 0-20 1000 BCE to about 900 CE Aztec The Aztecs were located throughout Mexico The capital city, Tenochtitlan, now lies below Mexico city Built capital city over lake Texcoco Built aqueducts & causeways Had zoos, schools, etc.. 1200 CE To 1500’s Cuzco, the Holy city System of roads, tunnels, & rope bridges Performed brain surgery 1300 CE to Early 1500’s Inca Pacific Coast of Peru, in South America Maya 300-900 The Maya established citystates united by a common culture but not unified by a common political or military system What was life like for the Maya? Mayan people were farmers Priests were the highest people in the society; it was a theocracy in theory The Maya worshipped nature: animals, plants, water and the planets Mayan architecture Relied solely on man power, stone tools, and levers for the building projects Mayan Accomplishments Had a system of hieroglyphics Practiced astrologydeveloped a 365 day calendar Developed a counting system using 0 on a system based on 20 Grew cotton, made cloth THE AZTECS The Great Temple at Tenochtitlan Aztec Empire Map Tenochtitlan The city was made up of a central square surrounded by pyramid-temples, palaces, gardens, zoos, schools & markets. This city reveals all that was the best of the Aztecs! How was Aztec society structured? Emperor Chosen by nobles & priests Priests Nobles Performed rituals, gave advice, and ran Served as officials, judges, and governors schools Merchants Artisans Often acted as spies for the empire Passed skills onto their children Farmers Made up most of the population Slaves were mostly captives or criminals-many were sacrificed to the Sun god Where were the Incas located? EMPIRE… Incan Road System: The Heart of the Empire allowed armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire. posted runners throughout the empire to carry news of revolts and soldiers to quickly crush them. prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all. The Incas…built a complex civilization They imposed their own language and religion on the people. No evidence of a written language that relied on order and absolute authority The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions of people within their empire. Government officials arranged marriages. Sui Dynasty Sui Dynasty (581 -618) Reunified China and established a central government Based and Confucianism and Buddhism Reason for decline Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and military projects Several (4) loosing battles against the powerful Koyro kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their decline The Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China is the world's oldest and longest canal The building of the canal began in 486 B.C.E during the Zhou Dynasty and later by Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114 miles (linked yellow river and Yangtze river) Had an enormous political and economic effect on China’s development Tang Dynasty 618 – 907 • Centralized government • But allowed local nobles to exercise significant power • Expanded their influence into Central and Southeast Asia, • demanded tribute from such places as Korea and Vietnam. • Chan' an (capital city was cosmopolitan) • Integrated cultures from all parts of Asia Appeal of Buddhism Politics Mahayana Buddhism was used to legitimize their control supplied a spiritual function for kings and emperors bodhisattvas Protecting spirits would aid the ruler in governing of the state Cultural diffusion Buddhism also facilitated the exchange of language, culture, and technology throughout eastern and central Asia Wu Zhao First Chinese Emperor 690 - 705 • Buddhism was used to used to legitimize women’s participation in politics • Buddhist used as a scapegoat later in the Tang dynasty why? • Tax exemption, undermining family values, attracted hundreds to become nuns and monks Chinese Noblewoman, 8th century-Tang Dynasty Tang Women characterized by open-mindedness and liberal ideas. More likely to exercise greater influence in managements of property, arts, and in politics than women in later Chinese societies Had the right to own Property Remarriage Divorce Allowed noble women to participate in polo matches Return to Confucianism • In the late 9th century Confucianism was reasserted • Reintroduced the use of Confucian scholars in running the government Medical Achievement! • Tang physicians developed a small pox vaccine in the 10th century. • Not widespread until 16th century Chinese Society Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered society. GENTRY • Most scholar-officials were gentry, from the wealthy landowning class. • government and society should be governed by Confucius ideals PEASANTS and MERCHANTS: •Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. •Peasants could move up in society through education and government service. MERCHANTS •According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than peasants because their riches came from the labor of others. The Arts • Tang / Song artisans were known for their fine porcelain (sole supplier in world trade), and calligraphy Song Dynasty 960-1279 • Song leaders supported a revival of Confucian thought. WHY? • The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar. • Implemented Civil Service exams to recruit the most talented men Inventions • Under the Song, the Chinese adapted the use of movable type printing machines from Korea. • allowed for faster printing, and the widespread diffusion of ideas. • Other inventions include the spinning wheel, gun powder, high quality steel • Why did technological explosion take place? • Economic and military pressure from their neighbors Antique Chinese Silk Spinning Wheel Footbinding In Asia The Practice of Footbinding Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty (10th century) and continued until the end of the Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions well into the 1930s. Korea and Japan During the Middle Ages 500-1600 Korean Peninsula Korea’s location on China’s doorstep has played a key role in its history and development Chinese Influence Buddhism (mahayana) Confucianism but Korea was able to preserve its maintain a separate and distinct culture. How did Korea influence Japan? Korean warriors united small country of Japan under a central government Disseminated the ideas of Buddhism, Confucianism, architecture Era of Three Kingdoms Between 300 and 600 C.E., three powerful kingdoms emerged: Shilla, Koguryo, and Paekche. Shilla becomes the dominate kingdom and eventually establishes the first dynasty; help from China (Tang)… HOW?? Hwarang - Korea's Warrior Knights Geography of Japan Japan is located on an archipelago,. 2. Four-fifths of Japan is mountainous 3. Most people settled in narrow river valleys and along coastal plains. 4. The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan 1. Shinto: Japan’s Native Religion • • • Shinto means: “The way of the gods.” No complex rituals or philosophy. Importance of family, love of nature “kami”, physical cleanliness, The worship and honor given to the Kami and ancestral spirits. Shinto Explained Yamato Clan 500-1000 CE • First and only dynasty but each emperor has claimed his roots through this clan even to today Emperor Akihito and wif Chinese Civilization Influenced Early Japan In the early 600s, Japan began sending students, monks, traders, and officials to China. These visitors returned to Japan eager to spread Chinese thought, technology, and the arts. Japanese Social Structure In theory, the emperor stood at the head of Japanese feudal society. Real power lay in the hands of the shogun, or supreme military commander. The shogun distributed land to vassal lords who agreed to protect them. These great warrior lords were called daimyo. They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors called samurai. First Shogun Ruler Minamoto Yoritomo •He set up the Kamakura Shongunate •First of three military dynasties that would rule Japan for 700 years Minamoto Yoritomo The Warriors World •Belonging to a Japanese samurai class was a hereditary membership •About five in every 100 belonged to this class •Privileges: Carry two swords and wear a special headdress •Highly trained and received special privileges in Japanese society 19th century Samurai Japanese Warrior Armor “The way of the warrior” •A code of unquestioning obedience •Honor more important than wealth or life •Absolute loyalty to one’s lord •A true samurai would have no fear of death because –“If you think of saving your life, you had better not go to war at all” Practiced “seppuku” a ritual suicide Zen Buddhism •Widely popular among the Samurai class and it spreads because of their support •It emphasizes physical and mental health •Transition easy for the Shinto believers •Believed in the unity of nature •Buddhist monasteries were centers of learning and the arts -landscape gardening -flower arranging Introduced into Japan by Eisai •Meditation and prayer are important to spiritual growth Zen Buddhism Mongol Empire (1206–1405) was the largest land empire in world history Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad Mongol Empire Mongol Battle Tactics Constant practice in riding, archery. Traveled very light. Extraordinary endurance. Extraordinary military discipline. Extremely ruthless in battle. combined technological advances in their bows with outstanding horseback ability and flexibility of military tactics. Mongol Battle Tactics Remarkable ability to coordinate armies separated by great distances. Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with Mongol leaders Mobility unheard of by armies of the time-up to 100 miles/day. Mongol combination of mobility and communication probably not equaled again until W.W. II. Mongol Rule •Once a conquest was complete, the Mongols were not oppressive rulers. •Cities generally left under native governors. •Conquered peoples to live much as they had — as long as they paid tribute to the Mongols. Maximizing revenues was the central goal of Mongol leaders Utilized tax farming Mongol Empire Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace Peaceful periods allowed for the movement of people, knowledge, and skills across Eurasia Technology such as gunpowder, diplomatic passports and movable type spread to Europe Positive qualities of Mongols Discipline, obedience to own laws Sense of honor and loyalty, respect for these qualities in others, even opponents High status of women Mongols effects in Russia Mongols Ruled Russia from afar Main goal was to extract as much tax revenue as possible Moscow 1300s emerged as the new center of Russia and heart of Russia Orthodox Church Granted special privileges which helped to reconcile the Russian people Ivan III Prince of Moscow ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of Tsar Marco Polo September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324 Polo’s famous account of his seventeen years of service to Kublai Khan provided Europe with the first substantial record of China. Yuan Empire (1279-1368) Khubilai Khan Declared Great Khan in 1265 founded the Yuan empire in 1271 Moved capital to Beijing Incorporated Chinese traditions Confucian laws and public policies Government Western Asian Muslims as official Hierarchical system Legally defined status groups Confucians had a weak role merchants and doctors elevated Yuan Dynasty Economy / Trade Tax farming Used paper money and copper coins Revitalized trade Cultural Diffusion Encouraged sharing and exchange of ideas Medical information, Science, Mathematics, warfare, etc. Here come the Mongols •Only Severe threat to Japan Prior to World War II •Japan was the only country in the East that remained free •Attracted by gold, pearls and power the Kublai Khan sent a letter demanding submission and tribute in 1268 •Two Attempts were made in 1274 and 1281 Mongol Armour, 1271. Mongols in Japan Invasions in 1279 and 1281 Mongols unable to advance beyond beachheads Japanese unable to drive invaders out Both times, a typhoon wrecked the invasion fleet Led to Japanese notion of the “Divine Wind” - Kamikaze Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644 What did the Ming do to separate themselves from the Mongols? Closed borders to foreigners severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed to Beijing The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism. 2 How Did the Ming Restore the Chinese Government… 1. Restored the civil service system and made the exams more rigorous than ever 2. Revived Confucian learning 3. Repaired the canal system that linked regions and made trade easier 4. Made Chinese cities home to many industries, including porcelain, paper, and tools 5. Supported a revival of arts and literature Was Zheng He sent by the Yongle emperor to explore and colonize? Mission To reestablish trade links with the Middle East Bring Southeast Asian countries and their overseas Chinese population under its influence Accomplishments Acquired Ming tributary states 50 new tributaries Overall not very profitable Shape of the World Video Clip… Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration? 1. Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. 2. The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. 3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits. Koryo Dynasty 918-1392 AD It was the Koryo dynasty that ascended after Shilla and again brought unity to the Korean nation. TaeKwondo The Culture that is Korea! Traditional Korean Clothing Korean Fan Dance Classical Zither Music of Korea Choson (or Yi) Dynasty 1392-1910 CE In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and set up the Choson dynasty. Choson rulers made important contributions to Korean culture. They reduced Buddhist influence and set up a government based upon Confucian principles. Over time, Confucianism greatly influenced Korean life. They developed hangul to replace the complex Chinese writing system. The use of hangul led to an extremely high literacy rate Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 Joan of Arc: Turning point From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in battle rallied the French forces to victory. French armies continued to win even after she was executed by the English for heresy. Emergence of Monarchs Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions New military technology The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and firearm made soldiers more important and knights less valuable. made castles and knights obsolete Development of professional standing army Taxed land, merchants, and church Parliamentary Institution Became a permanent check on royal power Parliament in England Estates General in France Black Death By 1347, the bubonic plague had spread to Europe The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes 3 forms: Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid) Despite its numerous problems, the period from 1200 to 1500 in Europe was a time of unusual progress. Major problems the Black Death Improvements wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with strong centralized governments Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper) Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David) By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world. What was the Renaissance? Renaissance, French word for "rebirth" What was reborn?? a desire to imitate the classical world Greece & Rome a time of creativity and change-spirit of adventure a time of intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli, was an Italian statesman and writer His best-known work, The Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power. Prince must rule with fear but avoid being hated Works of Renaissance Artists Rise of cities Trading cities in Europe Offered social freedoms Often independent states Often charter (immunity) cities where residents could claim freedom Merchant Banking Organized private shareholding companies, developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniques Led to a growing middle or merchant class The Printing Revolution Printing originated China, but western Europeans improved it significantly Johann Gutenberg Perfected the art of printing in 1454 New ink suitable for printing on paper, movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper) Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development. The Reconquista • By 1492, the Muslims were driven out of the last Iberian stronghold (Granada) • First Spain and later Portugal expelled all Jews and Muslims from its territory