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GHSGT Review World History SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance – European movement, which reached its height in the 1400-1500’s, emphasizing the study of classical (Greece & Rome) culture, humanism, education, and change. SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Development of city-states (Florence) Why? – – – Economic: Agricultural surpluses contributing to the rise of towns; Mediterranean trade with Middle East Social: Black Death resulting in agricultural surpluses and greater status for skilled workers Political: Dominance of politics by wealthy merchant families (Medici) Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – – – – Renaissance political scientist From Florence “The ends justify the means.” Accomplish political goals by any means necessary SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Leonardo da Vinci – – Michelangelo Buonarroti – – Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect… The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect… David, Moses, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Pieta, designed dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (Church) in Vatican City (Rome) Both were “Renaissance Men” – men before their time with many talents and skills; educated; encouraged questioning of accepted traditions and customs SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Related movement during the Renaissance Humanism Characteristics: – – – – – Importance of the individual Questioning tradition and custom – especially of the Roman Catholic Church, which built a foundation for the Reformation Secularism – focus on “worldly” things A well-rounded person: educated, athletic, talents in music and art Focus on emotion SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Famous Humanists: – – – Fransisco Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar, perfected the sonnet; known as the “Father of Humanism” Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, writer of The Divine Comedy (Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise), which questioned church leadership, written in the vernacular and not Latin Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch (Netherlands), noted Christian humanist, who called for reform of the Roman Catholic Church SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Protestant Reformation – after 1517, a religious movement initially to reform the Christian Roman Catholic Church, which eventually resulted in the formation of new Christian Protestant (from “to protest”) churches SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Leaders of the Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther, German Ideas stated in the Ninety-Five Theses – Salvation through faith alone and scripture alone – Protested sale of indulgences (document sold by Roman Catholic Church offering forgiveness for past or future sins of oneself or a loved one) – Translated Bible into German for wide readership Formation of Lutheran Church and later, other Protestant denominations SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Leaders of the Protestant Reformation – John Calvin, French Ideas stated in Institutes of the Christian Religion – Predestination (people predetermined to be saved or not) Spread Protestant Reformation to France The Puritans and Presbyterians are Calvinists SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Roman Catholic Reaction to Protestant Reformation – Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) – – Realization that reform was needed in the Roman Catholic Church. Where? Council of Trent, Italy. Results: Ending sale of indulgences Faith and works needed for salvation Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final and correct Formation of the Jesuits, a religious order, which enforced the directives of the Council of Trent SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Protestant Reformation in England – – – – Leader: King Henry VIII Initially a political struggle rather than a religious one Resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church, the Church of England, known in the United States as the Episcopal Church Successor to Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, daughter; firmly established the Protestant Church of England SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation Invention of printing press in Europe – – – – – Johan Gutenberg, German c. 1450 First book to be printed was the Bible “Information revolution” Facilitated the spread of Protestantism and later, the Enlightenment SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery and Expansion Definition: Diffusion of European culture around the world (c.1400-1700) Why? Gold, God, & Glory Explorers and Conquistadores – – – – – – Vasco da Gama, Portugal, established trade route from Portugal, around the tip of Africa, to India, 1498 Christopher Columbus, Spain, sailed west to reach East Indies, but “discovered” the Americas, 1492 Ferdinand Magellan, Spain, his expedition was first to circumnavigate the world, 1519-1522 Samuel de Champlain, France, explored St. Lawrence River, founded Quebec, 1608 Hernan Cortes, Spain, conquered the Aztec Empire, c.1519 Francisco Pizarro, Spain, Conquered the Inca Empire, 1522 SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery and Expansion Columbian Exchange: exchange of plants, animals, people, and disease among Europe, Africa, and the Americas SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery and Expansion Role of technology in exploration – – – – Improvements in shipbuilding: rudders moved to stern (back) of ship; use of lateen (triangular) sails Improvements in navigation: the astrolabe (used to measure distance of stars from the horizon); compass Improvements in military technology: cannons mounted on ships Most improvements were originally developed in China and the Middle East SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and Economic Factors, which changed the world view of Europeans Scientific Revolution: major change in European thought, beginning in the 1500’s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and Economic Factors, which changed the world view of Europeans Scientific Contributions and Contributors: – – – – Nicholas Copernicus, Polish, heliocentrism (suncentered universe) Galileo Galilee, Italian, more proof to heliocentrism, discovered sunspots and moons of Jupiter Johan Kepler, German, more proof to heliocentrism, planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun Isaac Newton, British, laws of motion and gravity SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and Economic Factors, which changed the world view of Europeans Enlightenment: European movement in the 1700’s in which thinkers applied the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and Economic Factors, which changed the world view of Europeans Enlightenment Thinkers: – – – – John Locke, British, developed idea of natural rights, including life, liberty, and property; a government, which did not protect natural rights, could be abolished (consent of the governed) Jean Jacques Rousseau, French, developed ideas of popular sovereignty and equality Voltaire, French, criticized Roman Catholic Church, social inequality, and absolute government; proponent of freedom of speech, press, and religion Charles Louis Montesquieu, French, separation of powers and checks and balances in government SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions The Enlightenment inspired the English, American, French, Haitian Revolutions, and Latin American independence movements (1688-1825) SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Causes of the English Revolution – – Power struggle between Parliament and Monarchy Religious struggle among Protestant Puritans, Protestant Church of England, and Roman Catholics Effects of the English Revolution – – – The English Bill of Rights, 1688 Great Britain becomes a limited constitutional monarchy Power of government resides in the elected representatives of the people in Parliament SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Causes of the American Revolution (17751783): – – Taxation without representation Desire for the protection of natural rights Effects of the American Revolution – – Formation of the United States of America Inspired the French Revolution SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Causes of the French Revolution: – – – – – Social inequality (Three Estates) Enlightenment ideas Example of the American Revolution Economic Crises Weak leadership of the monarchy SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Effects of the French Revolution (1789): – – – – – – – – – Destruction of the monarchy Spread of Enlightenment ideas Reign of Terror War with other European nations Rise of Napoleon Conservative reaction Rise of nationalism Diffusion of democratic ideals to ensure equality and justice Independence movements in Latin America SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Causes of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1803) – Desire for social equality and an end to slavery Effects of the Haitian Revolution: – – Independence of Haiti, 2nd nation to gain independence in the Americas Success of slave rebellion results in fear of future uprisings SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Causes of Latin American Independence Movements: – – – – Enlightenment ideas Nationalism American, French, and Haitian Revolutions Cultural differences between native Europeans in Latin America and mestizos (persons of mixed European and Native American descent) Effects of Latin American Independence Movements: – – Mexican Independence (1821) Independence of other Latin American nations (1821-1825) SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte: – – Defeat of Napoleon: – French general from Corsica, who advanced through the ranks and became emperor of France Continued the social reforms of the French Revolution, but limited political reform (return to autocracy, rule by one person) Defeated by alliance of European nations, exiled, returned for 100 days, finally defeated at Waterloo Consequences of Napoleon’s Rule: – – – – Established the Napoleonic Code, a uniform set of laws, which eliminated many social injustices; enforced order over freedom Conservative Reaction in Europe Rise of nationalism in Europe New territorial boundaries in Europe SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Causes of World War I – – – – Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Militarism – – – – Expansion of military European-wide arms race Glorification of war Unity of political and military leadership SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Alliances – – – Created to maintain balance of power Central Powers: German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, later United States and Italy SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Imperialism – – – Policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate smaller nations economically, politically, and socially Competition among European nations in Africa and Asia led to conflict of interests in search of resources especially between Germany and Great Britain Drive to create and maintain overseas empires SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Nationalism – – – – Belief that people should be mainly loyal to their nation – people who share a common culture, language, religion, and history – rather than to a king or empire Pan Slavism Serbian Nationalism – resulted in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Arab Nationalism (Ottoman Empire) SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Conditions on the war front – – – Trench warfare War of attrition Use of new war technology – machine guns, chemical warfare, air bombardment SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Treaty of Versailles – – Treaty with Germany to end the war Provisions of the Treaty: German war guilt German reparations Reduction of German military Loss of German territory Creation of the League of Nations Germany not allowed to join League of Nations SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI The mandate system: – – The Ottoman Empire was divided into mandates administered by Great Britain and France A continuation of European imperialism SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI Effects of the War – – – – – Economic depression, especially in Germany Sense of despair Collapse of Romanov (Russia), Hapsburg (AustriaHungary), and Hohenzollern (Germany) Empires Devastation of Europe New nations created (Czechoslovakia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc) SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Causes of the Russian Revolution: – – – – – Weak leadership of the czar Poor conditions of peasantry and working class Lack of political reform Fueled by ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin Devastation caused by World War I SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Effects of the Russian Revolution – – – – – Withdrawal of Russia from WWI Rise of the Bolsheviks (Communists) in Russia Civil war in Russia between the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the Whites (monarchists) Creation of the U.S.S.R. – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Rise of Lenin as leader of the Bolshevik Party Rise of Totalitarianism – Stalin and Five Year Plans SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Totalitarianism: total government control over every aspect of public and private life – Examples of: Fascism (Germany, Italy, and Japan) Communism (USSR) SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Fascism: totalitarian system that promotes extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and dictatorial one-party rule Fascism in Germany: – – – – – Adolf Hitler Desire to dominate Europe through racial policies in order to create a “master race” Desire to create a world empire “to last a thousand years” through a policy of lebensraum (“living space”) Repression of individual rights, especially those of Jews, gypsies, blacks, and those of “alternative lifestyles”, which resulted in the Holocaust Dominance of the Nazi Party SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Fascism in Italy – – – – Benito Mussolini “Revival of the Classical Roman Empire” Repression of individual rights Dominance of the Fascist Party Fascism in Japan – – Emperor Hirohito “Asia for Asiatics” – policy to remove all Europeans from Asia SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Communism: totalitarian economic system in which government owns and controls all means of production Communism in the USSR – – – Josef Stalin Five Year Plans and Purges Dominance of the Communist Party SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Causes of World War II – – – – – – Militarism Imperialism Nationalism Totalitarianism Social Chaos Resentment resulting from Treaty of Versailles SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII Acts of Aggression Leading to War – – – – – – – – China-Manchuria by Japan, 1931 Eastern China by Japan, 1930s Ethiopia by Italy, 1935 Rhineland by Germany, 1936 Austria by Germany, 1938 Western Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, and the rest of the country by Germany, 1938-1939 Albania by Italy, 1939 Poland by Germany, 1939 SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, USSR, and USA SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Europe and Africa – – – – – – – – Invasion and rapid fall of France, 1940 Battle of Britain, 1940 War with the USSR, resulting in Germany fighting a two-front war, 1941 Battle of al-Alemain – Germany defeated in North Africa, 1942 Allied invasion of Italy, 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, 1943 Allied invasion of Normandy, France, also known as D-Day 1944 Unconditional surrender of Germany, April 1945 SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Asia and the Pacific – – – – – – Attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a territory of the USA, resulting in US involvement in the war, Dec. 7, 1941 Battle of Midway, allied victory, 1942 Battle of Guadalcanal, allied victory, 1943 Battle of the Philippines, allied victory, 1944 Allied use of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945 Unconditional surrender of Japan, September 1945 SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II Effects of World War II – Allied Conferences near the end of the war and post-war: Teheran – discussed opening a second front in Western Europe, 1943 Yalta – discussed post-war plans for Europe, including dividing Germany into zones, compensating USSR for lost territory, implementing free elections in Eastern Europe, and the creation of the United Nations, 1945 Potsdam – discussed how to administer post-war Europe and how to counter effects of the war, 1945 Leaders involved – Winston Churchill, Great Britain; Josef Stalin, USSR; Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman, USA SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II Effects of WWII (Continued) – – – Creation of the United Nations Marshall Plan for rebuilding Europe Reconstruction of Japan under General Douglas MacArthur’s administration, which included the policies of demilitarization and democratization SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from 1945-1989 Revolutionary Movement in India – Mohandas K. Gandhi Leader of India’s independence movement from Great Britain Believed in passive resistance Inspired other non-violent protest movements, including Martin Luther King, Jr. Revolutionary Movement in China – Mao Zedong Leader of Communist Party in China Defeated Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Chinese Nationalists Created the People’s Republic of China after the Chinese Civil War in 1949 SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from 1945-1989 Formation of Israel – – – – Created out of a mandate in Palestine administered by Great Britain in 1948 Supporters of the movement were called Zionists Nation-state for the Jewish people Creation resulted in conflict with Arab neighbors of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, as well as displaced Palestinians SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from 1945-1989 Cold War: a state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the USSR, 1946-1989 Results of the Cold War: – – – Arms race: development of mass stores of nuclear weapons and advancement in nuclear technology, including the development of the Hydrogen Bomb (1954) and ICBMs. Various conflicts around the world (Korea, Vietnam, Berlin, Cuba, etc) Space Race SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since the 1960’s Ethnic Conflict – – Ethnic Group: A group of people who share a common language, culture, religion, history, and/or territory Cambodia – the Khmer Rouge, a Communist movement led by Pol Pot, overthrew the government of Cambodia. During his rule from 1975-1979, Pol Pot targeted the following groups for torture and execution: Ethnic Chinese, Laotians, and Vietnamese The crippled or lame Buddhist monks People with ties to western nations or western education Approximately 2 million people died during this genocide (the purposeful annihilation of a group or groups of people) SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since the 1960’s Ethnic Conflict (Continued) – – Former Yugoslavia – Thousands of Bosnian Muslims were slaughtered by Christian Bosnian Serbs from 1991-1995. In 1998, thousands of ethnic Albanians were also murdered by the Serbs. Rwanda – Ethnic Hutus massacred 500,0001,000,000 ethnic Tutsis in 1994. SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since the 1960’s New Nationalisms: – – Pan-Africanism: movement seeking unity within Africa Pan-Arabism: movement seeking unity among Arab people and nations of the Middle East SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since the 1960’s Global Terrorism: the use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies Examples of Terrorism: – – – Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing, April 19, 1995 U.S.S. Cole attack, October 12, 2000 World Trade Center, New York City, September 11, 2001 Effects of Terrorism – Impacts daily life, including travel, world energy supplies, financial markets, and possibly civil liberties SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World The development of television, satellites, and computers (Internet) has resulted in greater cultural diffusion and diversity. SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World International Organizations exemplify greater globalization in politics (United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), G8), economics (World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and multinational corporations (McDonald’s, Nike)), culture (Amnesty International), and environment (Greenpeace).
