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Period IV Review
1450-1750
Europe
Making sail to great destinations
Major Changes Ahead
• New technologies (water wheels, 3 field
system, caravel ship, compass, astrolabe &
sextant, artillery (especially on ships!))
• New economic theories/organization
(mercantilism, Commercial Revolution,
Atlantic Economy)
• Europe pulls itself into the (now) global
economy and power structure  attempt to
dominate IOMS with violence, colonies,
trading post empires, etc.
4 Main Transformations in Thought
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Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
The Renaissance
• Rebirth of Classical Civilizations’ ideas &
culture (Greece and Rome)
• Humanism- Focus on individual achievement
& Greek and Roman Classical thought
Erasmus of Rotterdam & interest in Greek &
Latin language & manuscripts
• Artistic endeavors perspective, contraposto
(Italian and Northern differ)
• The printing press and the spread of ideas
(Gutenberg)
The Protestant Reformation
• The Catholic Church = 1 religion in W. Europe
• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
• Christianity splits into new sects
– Calvinism, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Church of
England
The Catholic (Counter) Reformation
• Reaffirmation of beliefs & Pope’s authority
• Minor reforms
– Edu of priests
• Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola)  MISSIONARY
WORK in Asia (Japan & China); Latin America
• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The Scientific Revolution
• Questioning long held traditions and beliefs
• New theories on the universe
– Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Copernicus
• The Scientific Method (observation,
experiment, etc.) heritage of Aristotle &
Muslim scholars of the House of Wisdom
• YOU MUST PROVE IT, NOT JUST BELIEVE IT!
The Enlightenment
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Challenge to methods of rule
Social Contract  Rousseau
Natural Rights  Locke
Separation of Power/Checks and Balances 
Montesquieu
• Freedom of Expression & Religious Toleration
 Voltaire
European Exploration
Seeking out spice
Perfecting the Art of Exploration
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Led by Iberian Peninsula (Portugal & Spain)
Caravel
Compass
Cartography
Lateen Sail
Astrolabe
Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of
Navigation in Portugal
Where Did They Go?
• Portugal goes around Africa
– Dias and Da Gama
• Spain looks west
– Columbus
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal gets Brazil and the east
– Spain gets the rest of the Americas
Who is In?
• England, France and the Netherlands look to
North America
– Settler colonies established
• Portuguese set up trading-post colonies along
the Swahili Coast (cannons) and the IOMS
• Spanish go on a genocidal campaign against
American Empires
The Big Bang
• Massive devastation to native populations
(smallpox)
• Columbian Exchange
• Atlantic Slave Trade
• Rise of Silver
• Massive Demographic Shifts
A New Economy
• Atlantic System
• Globalized trade and the rise of joint-stock
companies and royal charters
• Mercantilism
– Favorable balance of trade
• China and Japan are wary of growing
European power
European Countries
The Game of Thrones
Spain
• Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain
• Charles V (HRE), a Hapsburg, fights everyone
– France, the Ottomans, Protestants in Germany,
Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant
Reformation
• Philip II
– Spanish renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, Dutch
Revolt (Protestant Netherlands, Catholic Belgium)
– Defeat of the Armada
England
• Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
– Colonization, joint-stock, arts and lit.
• Fighting between Catholics and Protestants
• Charles I sparks Parliamentary anger
– English Civil War Erupts (1641)
– Cromwell, Charles II, James II = Glorious
Revolution
• English Bill of Rights (1689)
France
• Catholics vs. Huguenots
– Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1643-1715)
– Aggressive towards Protestants, Absolute in rule
• War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
– Attempt to balance power in Europe and prevent
France and Spain from uniting
The German Areas
• Collection of city-states, primarily Protestant
• The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
– Political and religious dispute between Protestant
territories and the HRE
– 1/3 of HRE population was killed
– Reduces power of HRE
– And increases power of France and Prussia
Africa
Victims or Willing Participants?
Growth of African West Coast
• Rise of new coastal trade-based centralized states
in Kongo, Benin, Angola, and Dahomey
• Kongo (Christian) rises with Portuguese trade but
can’t control trade; Benin’s Oba controls artisans
making bronze and ivories for trade with Europe
• Dahomey becomes a powerful slave trading state
• Result: The Atlantic System provided opportunities
for COASTAL Africans to create centralized states,
instead of just interior states that traded in Time
Period III via Trans Saharan Trade
• Middle Passage = depopulation of MEN, causing
shifts in family structures - - MOST people who
wound up in the Americas in Period IV were
AFRICANS
East Africa
• Swahili Coast (E. Africa) shelled by Portuguese
canons.
• Portuguese attempt to monopolize IOMS
trade by force. Unsuccessful attempt
Southern Africa
• Dutch colonies appear on the coast of modern
South Africa.
Northern Africa
• Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by
Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 1500s,
including Egypt, a huge producer of grain.
Ming Dynasty China
• Ming Dynasty = “Pure” Dynasty, wanted to
erase the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty past
• Yongle Emperor – WAS outward looking
• Sent Zheng He on voyages to reestablish
Tribute System
• Confucian bureaucrats forced an inward turn
after Yongle died – remind China of their fear
of pastoralists beyond the northern borders
• Art, like in Renaissance Europe, sought to look
BACK to a time viewed as glorious in the past.
Qing Dynasty
• Ming dealt with overpopulation problems &
falling ag productivity. Revolts. Japanese
pirates. Blah blah.
• Invite the pastoralist ethnic group called
Manchus to help them stop the chaos
militarily.
• Manchus see Ming weakness & take over.
Qing Dynasty
• Kangxi & Qianlong Emperors= golden age
emperors
• China = awesome again
• Macartney Mission – wanted trade in 1790s.
China rejected & kept their Canton System of
trade.
• Fighting with Russia on the northern border
(Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1688)
Tokugawa Japan
• Hideyoshi & then Tokugawa Ieyasu end civil wars
of the Feudal period, established a more
centralized gov’t (although still pretty
decentralized)
• Merchants & ag productivity = great economy,
rice payments for taxes
• Edo, capital city = over 1,000,000 people
• Culture = fab. Kabuki theater, tea ceremony, haiku
poems, samurai = bureaucrats w/ sachels
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc
Tokugawa
• Alternate Attendance utilized for control
• Jesuit Missionaries = 300,000 Christian
conversions by 1600
• Tokugawa gov’t feared foreign involvement.
ISOLATED Japan almost totally.
• Only some Dutch in Nagasaki harbor with VOC
could trade.
Southeast Asia
• Spice Islands = objective of Portuguese, who
established control over the Strait of Malacca
• Dutch VOC gained more control around 1600
of Spice Islands (Moluccas) where
Islamic Gunpowder Empires
• Founded by Central Asian Turkic nomadic
pastoralists (long term had issues keeping this
traditional elite happy!)
• Coercive with standing armies bearing
gunpowder-based weapons
• Land-based, like traditional empires
• Cost of military = centralization
• Institution of the Harem (ladies galore, but who
exercised some political power b/c of position) –
created demand for female slaves in IOMS system
Ottoman
• 1300s – early 1900s, Sunni Muslims
• Sultan ruled from Istanbul after conquering
Constantinople in 1453
• Allowed diversity through millet system
• Manufacturer of luxuries, intersection of Silk
Roads & Europe
• Janissary & Devshirme systems
• Suleiman the Magnificent
• Mediterranean naval power
Safavid
• 1400s-1500s, Twelver Shi’ite Muslims (Hidden
Imam)
• Presence of Islamic Sufi mystics (venerated
Islamic saints) that Muslims didn’t like.
• Qizilbash – “red heads” wore turbans,
religious fighters for 12er Shi’ism
• Ruler = Shah, ruled from Isfahan
• Persian rugs, silks, blue & white tiles – Silk
Road trade
Mughals
• Sunni Muslims, conquered the Delhi Sultanate &
ruled over Hindu population
• Had to work with Rajput (Hindu Princes) through
intermarriage and toleration
• Sikhism develops (a religion that mixes Hinduism
and Islam)
• Cotton Textiles, IOMS trade
• French, British trading posts appear on coasts
• Akbar = tolerant ruler
• Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahn
Russia!!!  Respond appropriately!
• Looked a lot more like traditional land-based
empires BUT wanted to emulate Europe
• Peter & Catherine the Great Westernize
• St. Petersburg, Western-style military, Cossack
peasants sent to settle Siberia, bureaucracy,
shaved beards, Neo-Classical architecture
• Serfdom was still super harsh - - lasted until
1861, so most Russian unaffected by
Westernization
Big Themes
• Centralization
• Coercive power of Gunpowder
• Globalization 1.0 - - Columbian Exchange & the
ecological linking of hemispheres
• Europe = mover & actually making $$!  founds
trading post colonies AND conquers the Amerindians
(you should know several reasons for their success!)
• Asia = still dominant (as when China rejects
Macartney’s British bid for trade)
• Economic innovations like laissez-faire, mercantilism, &
joint-stock companies
• Zillions of new ways to force labor out of people (mit’a,
encomienda, chattel slavery, serfdom, slave-soldiers)