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The Age of Imperialism Chapter 27 5/24/2017 1 Chapter Themes Movement Political, economic, and social factors lead to the Age of Imperialism Change 5/24/2017 European powers divide most of africa into colonies, and Africans resist European intervention and colonialism 2 Chapter Themes (cont) Reaction India and China come under European control or influence, while Japan tries to meet the Western challenge Nationalism 5/24/2017 Nationalism intensifies in Latin America as United States involvement in the region increases 3 Historical Significance How did the spread of empires affect peoples in Asia, Africa, and Latin America? How did colonial peoples respond to Western rule? 5/24/2017 4 Pressures to Expand Section 1 Main idea: There were political, economic and social causes of imperialism Terms to Define: 5/24/2017 Imperialism: one country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country Colony: a territory that an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials 5 Pressures to Expand Section 1 Terms to Define (cont) Protectorate: a territory that has its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights People to Meet: Cecil Rhodes and Rudyard Kipling 5/24/2017 6 Pressures for Expansion Section 1 Places to Locate 5/24/2017 Algeria Australia New Zealand Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 7 Pressures for Expansion Overview Imperialism: Latin word from the days of the Romans—dominating another country 5/24/2017 Imperial Rome controlled most of Mediterranean By 1800, handful of countries and the United States controlled much of the world 1800 to 1914 has come to be known as the Age of Imperialism 8 Pressures for Expansion Section 1 Why did Imperialism happen? 5/24/2017 European nations were rivals. These rivals competed with each other by building their empires larger and larger Industrial Revolution created demand for new markets that caused European nations to seek other lands to control Religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural superiority inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands 9 Political Rivalries Mid-1800s, European countries saw themselves as actors on the world stage 5/24/2017 Each country wanted to play a starring role Once one nation began, others wanted to also Quest for colonies caused territorial disputes Once begun, the quest for colonies seemed to have a life of its own and no limits European troops found themselves facing off in remote battlefields of Africa and Asia 10 Political Rivalries (cont) Communication to the colonies was slow Governors and generals take matters into their own hands If no borders were apparent, commanders might use their troops to take more land 5/24/2017 However, colonial governments started claiming the same land New conflicts arose and troops were now facing off in distance lands 11 Desire for New Markets Industrial Revolution 5/24/2017 Owners of factories found new sources of raw materials and new markets for their products in foreign lands European countries and the United States found raw materials to churn out their products On the flip side, there were customers for these products so customers seemed to like the products—no customers, no revolution 12 Desire for New Markets (cont) Africa India Rubber, copper, gold Jute, cotton Other resources 5/24/2017 Bananas, oranges, melons, tea, cocoa, coffee, etc., to European markets Tools, weapons, and clothing flowed from Europe to the colonies 13 Seeking New Opportunities Imperialism involved more than just products Colonies needed people to go to the new colonies where were loyal Throughout the 1800s, people responded by moving to the colonies The French 5/24/2017 For example, thousands of French citizens sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Algeria to start farms and estates seized from Algerian farmers 14 Seeking New Opportunities (cont) The French and the British emigrated to the far corners of the globe The British 5/24/2017 Many rushed to Australia and New Zealand 1850s In search of gold Africa, Asia, and the Pacific “The sun never sets on the British Empire” 15 Seeking New Opportunities (cont) People saw an opportunity to get rich or make name for themselves Cecil Rhodes 5/24/2017 Perhaps greatest example of making it rich British adventurer Gold from African diamond mines Rhodes founded a colony once called Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe 16 Civilizing Mission The desire to spread Western technology, religion, customs, and traditions also fueled colonial expansion 5/24/2017 In this Age of Imperialism, growing numbers of Catholic and Protestant missionaries went to remote corners of Africa and Asia Built churches and set p schools to “civilize” the native peoples Believed Christianity and Western Civilization could benefit and transform the world 17 Civilizing Mission Not military conquerors, but did try to impose beliefs and customs 5/24/2017 Missionaries set up hospitals and schools Insisted their “colonial subjects” learn European languages and practice Western lifestyles Discouraged traditional customs and beliefs 18 Civilizing Mission Social Darwinists adapted Darwin’s notion of “the survival of the fittest” to explain that white Europeans were the “fittest” people in the world and so had a duty to spread Western ideas to “backward” peoples “Fittest peoples” was proof of cultural superiority Rudyard Kipling: “The White Man’s Burden” 5/24/2017 “Take up the White Man’s burden-” “Send forth the best ye breed-” “Go bind your sons to exile-” etc… 19 Forms of Imperialism Imperial powers gained new lands Through treaties Through purchases Through military conquest Once in power, several forms of control 5/24/2017 Colony: a territory that imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials Protectorate: had its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power Sphere of influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights 20 Your Homework Assignment Write an essay Summarize the causes and effects of imperialism 5/24/2017 Introduction Paragraph on political causes and effects Paragraph on economic causes and effects Paragraph on social causes and effects Conclusion: was imperialism good for the peoples of the world or not? What was good about it, bad? 21 The Partition of Africa Section 2 Main Idea: Imperialism greatly affected the continent of Africa Terms to Define: Partition People to Meet: David Livingston, Abd al-Qadir, Muhammad Ali, Samory Toure, Menelik II, the Africaners, Shaka Places to locate: Morocco, Egypt, the Sudan, Liberia, Ethiopia, Union of South Africa 5/24/2017 22 The Partition of Africa Overview Little was known of the interior of Africa before 1800s By mid-1800s, Europeans were venturing to the inner regions of the Continent, including Livingston 5/24/2017 Best known was Dr. David Livingston Scottish doctor and Missionary Sent reports back to Great Britain 23 The Partition of Africa Overview (cont) Europeans lost touch with Livingston and sent Henry M. Stanley to find him 5/24/2017 British journalist and explorer Famous greeting in the jungle in 1871, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Stanley proceeded to make many explorations 24 The Partition of Africa Overview (cont) Publicity covering Livingstone and Stanley generated European interest in Africa 5/24/2017 Interest swelled when other explorers sent reports on natural resources Scramble for African land 1880 to 1914 Nations (14) met in Berlin, 1885, to partition Africa King Leopold II of Belgium called Africa, “this magnificent African cake” By 1914, European nations controlled 90% of Africa 25 The Partition of Africa: North Africa Most people live between Sahara Desert and Mediterranean Sea 5/24/2017 Fertile land, mild climate Ruled by Ottomans Three nations then: Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers Same nations now: Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria— all independent 26 North Africa: Britain and Egypt After Ali, not good Debts rose More European influence Ferdinand de Lesseps built Suez Canal 5/24/2017 French entrepreneur Joined Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea Vital shortcut between Europe and Asia Especially valued by Brits; their link to India 27 North Africa: The French in North Africa King Charles X of France invaded Algiers to colonize 5/24/2017 Abd al-Qadir, leader, put up effective resistance After 10 years and using 100,000 troops, France subdued Algiers The French then subdued neighboring Tunis, securing special rights to Morocco About 1 million French people settled in North Africa 28 North Africa: Britain and Egypt During early 1800s, Ottoman Egypt was virtually independent under its governor, Muhammad Ali Conquered neighboring lands Good government 5/24/2017 Reformed tax and land systems Supported industry Supported irrigation projects 29 North Africa: Britain and Egypt To pay debts, Egypt sells its canal shares to British giving them control 5/24/2017 British becomes greater influence British defeats Egyptian revolt by Ahmed Arabi Egypt becomes British protectorate 30 North Africa: Britain and Egypt The Sudanese had challenged British expansion for years under their leader, the Mahdi Brits defeat Sudan using Maxim machine guns Battle of Omdurman Brits then confront French at Fashoda 5/24/2017 Brits and French agree: Brits get Sudan and France controls Morocco 31 North Africa: Italy Seizes Libya Known as Tripoli (1800s), now Libya, Italy wanted it Italy wanted to establish an African empire Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire and defeated them. They had ruled Tripoli 5/24/2017 Italy renamed Tripoli, Libya Libya was last country in North Africa conquered by European nations 32 The Partition of Africa: West, Central, and East Africa Varied landscapes: mountains, plains, deserts, etc During 1800s, many regions, each unique Europeans exploit lack of political unity and cohesion 5/24/2017 Swallowed up most of lands in late 1800s 33 West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa During 1500s-1600s, Europeans traded along the west coast of Africa 5/24/2017 Transatlantic slave trade provided slaves to plantations and mines in the Americas West Africa states traded salt, gold, and iron wares with the Europeans. Local leaders also supplied prisoners of war to the slave trade 34 West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa During 1800s, many Western nations, including the United States, abolished slavery Slave trade continued from Africa to Middle East and Asia West African states, weak after loss of people through slave market, traded natural products for European manufactured goods 5/24/2017 35 West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa To control trade and expand holdings, Europeans began to push inward 5/24/2017 European were reluctant: disease and difficult terrain Discovery of quinine to fight malaria and steamboats made internal exploration OK By 1900, France and Great Britain especially, had large land masses in West Africa 36 West, Central, and East Africa: West Africa European expansion was challenged Samory Toure (sah*MOHR*ree*too*RAY) and Behanzin West African rulers Led armies against French Ashanti queen Yaa Asantwaa fought British expansion Well armed European forces defeated Africans Liberia was left alone 5/24/2017 Established 1822 by free African Americans; republic in 1847 Ties to United States made it off limits 37 West, Central, and East Africa: Central and East Africa Henry M. Stanley reached Congo River 5/24/2017 Belgium’s King Leopold claims Congo region for his own Enslaves Congolese people Has rubber tree forests cut down Kills elephant herds for ivory tusks Brutality lasted about 20 years 38 West, Central and East Africa: Central and East Africa Leopold gave his plantation to Belgium for large loan in 1908 Region became known as Belgium Congo 5/24/2017 39 West, Central, and East Africa: Central and East Africa British, Italians, and Germans claim East African lands Ethiopia was only East African nation remaining independent at this time 5/24/2017 Emperor Menelik II himself had conquered smaller kingdoms. Menelik crushed Italian forces at Battle of Adowa No European countries dared to attack him during his lifetime Ethiopia and Liberia alone avoided the Age of Imperialism 40 Southern Africa Dutch settlers came to southern Africa in 1652 5/24/2017 Established port of Cape Town Conquered lands around them Became known as Cape Colony People became known as the Afrikaners 41 Southern Africa British seized Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars Brits saw the advantage; before Suez Canal Then, fastest route to Asia Afrikaners resented British rule 5/24/2017 Brits forbade slavery Afrikaners believed themselves superior to Africans and that God ordained slavery 42 Southern Africa In 1830s, about 10,000 Afrikaners (Brits called them Boars, meaning “farmer” in Dutch) moved northeast into the interior 5/24/2017 Called the Great Trek Established two independent republics: Transvaal and Orange Free State Constitution of Transvaal said, “There shall be no equality in State or Church between white and black” 43 Southern Africa Afrikaners fought constantly with neighbors Fought Zulus under king Shaka Both unable to win decisive battles British became involved in fighting Zulus 5/24/2017 Zulus at first defeated the British With guns and greater numbers, the British destroyed the Zulu empire 44 Southern Africa Conflict develops between Boars and Brits 5/24/2017 In 1880s, British citizens move into Transvaal in search of gold and diamonds Great Britain, Cecil Rhodes—Prime minister of Cape Colony—and others, wanted all south Africa under British rule Tensions grew to the Anglo-Boar War which the British won in 3 years 45 Southern Africa Having won the Anglo-Boar War, the Brits Unite Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal New nation called the Union of South Africa 5/24/2017 The Constitution made it nearly impossible for nonwhites to vote 46 Southern Africa Racial equality became dominant issue in new nation 5/24/2017 South African groups tried to push equality Mohandas K. Gandhi, a lawyer from India, urged local Indians to disobey unfair laws Gandhi’s efforts brought additional rights to Indians 47 Southern Africa Black majority also took action for rights Founded the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) 5/24/2017 Goal was to give Africans rights in south Africa Later became the African National Congress (ANC) 48 Effects of Imperialism Imperialism had profound effects on Africa 5/24/2017 Mostly social and economic Imperialists profited from drilling mines, working plantations, and building factories and ports Hired Africans at low wages Imposed taxes to be paid in cash Men often housed away from families and subjected to brutal discipline 49 Effects of Imperialism More on effects of Imperialism Schools taught European was were best Some African traditions declined Most Africans held on to their cultures Accepted some European ways Many came to accept Christianity By early 1900s, western-educated elite pushed for independence By the end of the 20th century, African peoples had won their independence from European rule 5/24/2017 50