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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/churchill-bio.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
World War Looms
Chapter 16
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Dictators Threaten World Peace
War in Europe
The Holocaust (Covered in Chapter 17)
America Moves Toward War
Naval Expansion Act of 1938
Vinson Naval Act
• Authorized spending $1 billion over 10 years
• Create a two-ocean Navy
– Strong enough to deal with Japan in the Pacific
– Strong enough to deal with Germany in the
Atlantic
• Shows changing attitudes in America
– Still oppose war but realize the need for a strong
defense
U.S. Moves Cautiously
Away From Neutrality
• Neutrality Act of 1939
– Cash and Carry: Goods are sold only if they
are paid for in full and transported by the
country that bought them
• Britain and France could obtain munitions they
need to defeat Germany
• U.S. ships wouldn’t be put in danger in European
war zones
• Bill is paid in full. One way to avoid the war debts
that troubled economies and foreign relations from
WWI
Destroyers Deal
• The U.S. gave Britain 50 old Destroyers
in exchange for a 99 year, rent-free
leases on various possessions in
Canada and the Caribbean
http://www.navsource.org/Naval/deal.htm
Tripartite Pact
September 1940
• Mutual Defense Treaty between Germany,
Italy and Japan
• Alliance known as the Axis Powers
• Goal was to keep the U.S. out of the war
by creating a situation in which the U.S.
would have to fight a two-ocean war if they
declared war on one of the three countries
Selective Training and Service Act
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the
Selective Service Training Act in 1940.
• 1st peacetime program of
compulsory military draft
• All men 21 to 36 must
register for the draft
• 16 million registered, 1
million would be drafted
for service in the
Western Hemisphere
Election of 1940
• Roosevelt runs for an
Unprecedented 3rd Term
– Causes controversy
• Wendell Willkie –
– Republican Candidate
http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/fdr/images01.html
• Little difference in candidates’
platforms
– Both supported aide to Britain
– Both promised to keep the nation out
of war
• 22nd Amendment – sets a term limit
for President of the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940
Election of 1940
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail358.html
Lend-Lease Plan
• By Dec. 1940, Cash and Carry wasn’t
working because Britain was short on cash
and Germany was attacking many of the
shipments
• Lend-Lease gives the U.S. authority to
lend or lease war equipment to countries
whose defense is vital to U.S. security
• Allows the U.S. to avoid loans
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
• June 21, 1941
• Hitler breaks the non-aggression pact
• U.S. extends Lend-Lease to the Soviets
Click on links to
view maps of
World War II
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/axis.htm
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/ww2-eto.htm
Hitler’s 2nd Mistake
• Breaks Non-Aggression Pact with Soviets
4 Reasons the German Conquest of the Soviet Union was unsuccessful
•
•
•
•
Too Big
Too Cold
Too Many People
Two Front War
German Wolf Packs A Menace
• German U-boat attacks prevented
supplies from reaching the British
and Soviets
• German Wolf Packs were groups of
40 submarines that patrolled the
North Atlantic coast searching for
convoys of ships
• Roosevelt grants U.S. Naval ships to
shoot back in self defense
• Eventually the menace would be
contained using
U-889 surrenders at Nova Scotia
– Electronic detection techniques (radar
and sonar)
– Airborne antisubmarine patrols
http://www.uboat.net/gallery/index.html?gallery=U889
Tour German U-boat http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/u-505/
The Atlantic Charter
• Roosevelt and Churchill meet off the coast of
Newfoundland, Canada and sign the Atlantic
Charter – a joint declaration of war aims
–
–
–
–
–
Collective Security
Disarmament
Self-Determination
Economic Cooperation
Freedom of the Seas
• Sets the basis for the Declaration of the United
Nations
• Roosevelt will not ask Congress to declare war
on Germany, however.
Shoot on Sight
• After more u-boat attacks Roosevelt
orders a “Shoot on Sight” order to the
Navy.
• Unofficial Warfare
• We are at war with Germany
Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific
• General Tojo comes to power
• Japan invaded China in 1937
• U.S. remains neutral
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/axis.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo
Panay Incident
• Dec. 1937 – Japanese bombers sank the U.S.
gunboat Panay and 3 oil tankers in China
• The U.S. government demanded an apology and
reparations. In addition they wanted a guarantee
that nothing like it would happen again.
• The Japanese agree and the matter is dropped
• Japan is not ready to go to war with the U.S.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay_incident
Deterioration in U.S. / Japanese
Relations
• Japanese troops move against Soviet troops on
border of Manchuria
• Japan seeks recognition of conquests in China
• Trade w/ U.S. goes to a day-to day basis
• Japanese establish government in China
• Demands rights in French Indochina
• Tripartite Agreement Signed
• Roosevelt calls home Americans in the Far East
• Roosevelt puts an embargo on scrap iron and oil
Peace Talks Are Questioned
•
•
•
•
Tojo makes plans to attack the U.S.
U.S. know an attack is coming
U.S. doesn’t know WHERE or WHEN
U.S. receives a coded message from
Japan
• 14 pages, slow typist, attack comes before
message is delivered
December 7, 1941
“A Date Which Will Live in Infamy”
•
•
•
•
Holiday Season
Sunday
Low Alert
Peace Time
Listen to speech @ http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5166/
Attack on Pearl Harbor
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29055379
Go to the link above for an interactive map view of the attack on Pearl Harbor
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm
Japanese Targets
• Battleships – Hit
U.S.S. Arizona
– (Demolished / Some later repaired)
• Air Bases - Hit
• Air Craft Carriers – Missed
http://www.ussarizona.org/historical-gallery/index.html
– Out to sea
• Floating Dry Docks - Missed
• Fuel Dumps - Missed
http://www.cv6.org/1933/1933.htm
U.S.S. Enterprise
http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blyindexpearl.htm
U.S.S. Arizona Memorial
• 1,177 Men were
killed on the
U.S.S. Arizona
http://www.nps.gov/usar/
http://www.ussarizona.org
Hitler’s 3rd Mistake
• Declared War on the United States