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The United States issued the Stimson Doctrine, named for Sec. of State Henry Stimson -this doctrine stated that the US would refuse to recognize any government that was establish through force • Hoover pursued friendly relations with our Latin American neighbors • Hoover ended the interventionist policies of Wilson and Taft • Weaknesses of the League of Nations exposed as they were unable to prevent Japan’s aggression into Manchuria and maintain peace Roosevelt pursued the “Good Neighbor Policy” with Latin America, a continuance of the policy of Hoover The rise of militarist dictators in Europe (Hitler, Stalin) led the Latin American nations to seek out American aid & intervention Roosevelt consented to Latin American requests in multiple ways Pan-American Conferences-US pledges non-intervention Cuba- US nullifies Platt Amendment (US troops still in Cuba after Spanish-American War) Mexico- Roosevelt refused to intervene when Mexico seized corporate property, he urged negotiation The London Economic Conference Recognition of the Soviet Union Roosevelt thought this would improve trade and open new markets, ideology often takes a back seat to economics The Philippines This was meant to stabilize world currencies (Germany), but failed to reach any significant progress due to lack of US support The US passed a bill to grant the Filipinos independence by 1946 Reciprocal Trade Agreements The US would lower tariff rates for any country that also lowered theirs. Military dictatorships arise in Italy, Japan and Germany All pursued expansionist policies to get more land or natural resources America responded with neutrality acts Sen. Gerald Nye led a commission to investigate why we entered WWI They found that it was largely based on the interest of manufacturers and bankers The America First Committee was developed to sway public opinion toward islationism • Neutrality Acts of 1935 • • • If countries went to war, the US would not trade arms or weapons with them for 6 months Any nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war would have to be paid for up front and would have to be transported in non-American ships (aka. “cash and carry”) 1939: FDR asks Congress to pass this to allow the cash and carry sale of arms to countries at war, (Britain, France) the policy of giving in to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace Did this work? Ethiopia (1935) Mussolini invaded the African nation and conquered it as a show of fascist might Rhineland (1936) A DMZ according to the Versailles Treaty, Hitler marched troops in open defiance China (1936) Japan invades China, Japan sunk a US vessel, we quickly accepted an apology Sudetenland (1938) Hitler asserts Germany’s right to take over this strip of Czechoslovakia because of its German speaking population An agreement in Munich, Germany permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czecholslovakia’s Sudetenland among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany. Roosevelt was limited in his responsive capabilities by American isolationist sentiment Like Wilson in 1916, Roosevelt argued and got a build-up of military budgets and material In March of 1939 Hitler violates the Munich Treaty (Sudetenland) and occupies all of Czechoslovakia In August of 1939 Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (agreed not to attack each other) In September of 1939, Germany invades Poland with their blitzkrieg tactic (a swift intensive military attack, especially using tanks supported by aircraft, designed to defeat the opposition quickly) starting WWII Britain & France declare war on Germany & the Axis powers Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan Allies: British, French, US (later), USSR The war resumed full scale in 1940 as the Germans overwhelm the French in a week Most Americans were stunned and alarmed at the quick success of the German military Britain remained the only Allied nation free from German troops Roosevelt felt that keeping Britain free was vital to Allied success He arranged a less restrictive neutrality act that said that belligerents could pay cash and buy American weapons if they would pick them up This policy greatly favored Britain In 1940 Congress enacted the Selective Service Act for compulsory military service Roosevelt breaks with tradition and runs for a 3rd term His opponent is Wendall Wilkie, whose main opposition to Roosevelt stemmed from the 2 term limit Roosevelt won with 54% of the popular vote He was aided by a recovery based on defense spending, validating Keynesian Economics and a fear of war which led voters to the more experienced Roosevelt Results of the Presidential Election 1940 The Four Freedoms Speech, Religion, Want, Fear Lend-Lease Act Permitted Britain to obtain all resources on credit, signed in 1941 Atlantic Charter Agreed to free trade, selfdetermination and no territorial expansion There’s a need for another world organization to replace League of Nations—one to “secure” the world Shoot on Sight American ships should sink German ships/U-Boats on sight The US cut off Japan from key raw materials after they joined the Axis powers Negotiations regarding the embargo proved fruitless Japan felt that a quick strike against unprepared and limited American forces in the Pacific would be the best tactic American military officials felt the attack would come in the Philippines and Hawaii was caught off guard Japanese planes sunk and disabled the entire American fleet in the Pacific