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How much opposition was
there to the Nazi regime?
Degrees of opposition
• Non-conformity; protest; organised
resistance
• Wearing your hoodie under your blazer
• Going on an anti-tuition fees march
• Plotting to blow up the Education Ministry
because of university fees
Non-conformity; protest; resistance
• Put the most suitable letter against each
• Put a tick against anything you would risk
doing, if you disliked living under Nazi rule
• You have 10 minutes to decide!
Which groups resisted the Nazis?
•
•
•
•
Communist and Socialist Parties
Protestant and Roman Catholic Clergymen
Army officers and officials who agreed with them
Young people: the Swing Youth; the Edelweiss
Pirates and Navajos; the White Rose group
• Adds up to a tiny minority of the German people
Why was there so little open
opposition?
• “Nowhere in the world can develop a
resistance movement where people feel
better from day to day.” (sister of protestant
priest, who was executed)
• “What we have written and said is in the
minds of all of you but you lack the courage
to say it aloud.” (Sophie Scholl leader of the
White Rose, at her trial)
• What 2 main reasons are being expressed
here?
Assess their reasons, methods and
success
Who?
Why?
Communists
and socialists
Ch.19
Protestant
Church
Ch 13/19
Roman Catholic Ch 13
Church
Army officers
Ch. 19
Swing Youth
Ch 15
Edelweiss
Pirates & other
gangs
Ch 15
White Rose
Group
Ch. 19
What?
n/c,p,r??
How
successful?What
achieved?
Communists and Socialists
• Opposite end of the political spectrum –
wanted to overthrow Nazi rule.
(Communists wanted communism;
socialists wanted democracy in Germany)
• Anti-Nazi propaganda
• Non-conformity and protest
• Not successful
Protestant Church
• Individuals such as Pastor Niemoller
spoke out against Nazi policies (he also
set up a breakaway church in 1934 – the
Confessional Church)
• Protest
• Had little effect as they were often sent to
concentration camps – Niemoller survived
8 years of this and was freed by the Allies
in 1945 – not successful
Roman Catholic Church
• The Church as a whole did not resist the
Nazis (and Pope Pius XI has been
criticised for not protesting at the
persecution of the Jews.)
• Cardinal Galen, Archbishop of Munster
• Protested at euthanasia policy in 1941
• Protest
• Successful in the short-term but it was
started up again later in war
Army officers
• Ludwig Beck, Claus von Stauffenberg
• Expansion into East; treatment of Jews
and conquered races
• Beck – protest; Stauffenberg – resistance
• Unsuccessful – both men and 5,700
others were executed after the Bomb Plot
Swing Youth
• They preferred US swing music and
fashionable clothes to marching to military
music and wearing the HJ uniform
• Just didn’t conform
• A nuisance but didn’t achieve anything unsuccessful
Edelweiss Pirates and similar
gangs
• Disliked the authoritarian Hitler Youth
• “Eternal War on the Hitler Youth”
• Destroyed HJ camps; later in war helped
allied airmen escape
• Moved from non-conformity to protest to
actual resistance
• Big nuisance (1000s arrested in 1942 and
12 leaders hanged in 1944) but didn’t
succeed in overthrowing Nazis
White Rose Group
•
•
•
•
Atrocities in conquered lands
Pamphlets, speeches and rallies
Protest
Unsuccessful – were tried and executed in
1943
h/wk
• Finish off any o/s work
• Reread the whole Nazi section – p. 114-131
• Be ready to answer the 3 big qs about Nazi
Germany:
• 1. Was terror the most important way that
Germans were controlled?
• 2. Did ordinary people benefit from living under
Nazi rule?
• 3. How successful was the opposition to the
Nazis?
How successful was the opposition
to the Nazis?
• L.1 General Answer (1-2): ‘very unsuccessful as
they stayed in power’
• L.2 Identifies and or describes (3-4):
• ‘The Edelweiss Pirates helped airmen’
• ‘Archbishop Galen stopped the euthanasia
policy’
• L.3 Explains successful OR not successful (5-6)
• L.4 Explains successful AND unsuccessful (7-9)
• L.5 L4 plus a judgement e.g. ‘no opposition
overthrew the regime; the most they managed
was to be a nuisance to it’ (10)
A P,E,E paragraph
• Point: One failure was the White Rose
Group’s protest against the treatment of
the conquered people in Eastern Europe.
Evidence: Hans and Sophie Scholl and
other students held meetings and protests,
but they were tried and executed. Nazi
policy did not change
• Eval: This shows how difficult it was to
protest
Your 10 mark essay:
• 2 paragraphs for each side of the
argument. Choose your examples
carefully. Use a range of groups, over
time, and show that opposition succeeded
in small ways but could not overthrow the
Nazis)
• Sum up by saying that the Nazis were
overthrown by the Russian Army, not the
German people.