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World War II Chapter 31 5/24/2017 1 Overview An unparalleled challenge to the United States Two capable and determined enemies faced America simultaneously Germany and Japan (and allies) Highly evil foes They were not just interested in balance of power or maintaining colonies—they were out to literally conquer the world 5/24/2017 2 Overview Although much will be said about government and military leaders in defeating these foes, much more needs to be said about the oft forgotten heroes—the business leaders--who buried our enemies in planes, ships, tanks, trucks, bullets, bombs, etc. 5/24/2017 3 Overview America will emerge from the war as the dominant world power Military force Economic might Moral certainty of cause The United States—with its allies--stood firm in democracy’s finest hour 5/24/2017 4 The Path to War Section 1 5/24/2017 5 Read to Find Out Main Idea: World War II was partially a product of World War I Terms to Define: collective security, sanctions, appeasement People to Meet: Chiang Kai-shek, Benito Mussolini, Haile Selassie, Francisco Franco, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Neville chamberlain Places to Locate: Manchuria, Ethiopia, Spain, the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia 5/24/2017 6 Overview Military dictatorships come to power in Europe and Asia Britain, France, and the United States could not agree on how to conduct collective security Much of the unrest in Europe and Asia was the result of the settlements made after World War I 5/24/2017 7 Japan’s Expansion in Asia Japan was the first of the non-democratic powers to reveal its territorial ambitions in the interwar period Japan had limited natural resources To acquire more materials and markets, Japan sought new territories for conquest In 1931, Japan overran Manchuria, renamed it Manchukuo and set up a puppet government 5/24/2017 8 Japan’s Expansion in Asia Japan responded to a League of Nations order to return Manchuria to china by withdrawing from the League The incident revealed the League’s powerlessness The incident boosted the expansionist ambitions of Italy and Germany—they became more confident about the lack of fortitude of the rest of the world 5/24/2017 9 Japan’s Expansion in Asia Early 1930s, the Japanese military wanted to acquire the rich oil reserves of the East Indies to supply ships and airplanes But Japan needed to acquire Chinese ports 1937, Japanese forces invaded China and captured major eastern and southern cities The Chinese Nationalist government of Chaing Kai-shek retreated inland and allied with the Western powers 5/24/2017 10 Japan’s Expansion in Asia In the capital of Nanjing, the Japanese engaged in mass brutality, killing over 200,000 Chinese civilians From 1937 to 1945, the Nationalists, the Chinese Communists, and the Japanese fought each other for control of China 5/24/2017 11 Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia Ease which Japan acquired Manchuria encouraged Italy to make a move The League of Nations could not satisfy differences between Ethiopia and Italy in earlier clashes in Africa Mussolini wanted an Ethiopian colony 5/24/2017 Believed it would enhance Italy’s world image 12 Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia In October 1935, Mussolini ordered the Italian army to invade Ethiopia In a dramatic appearance at the League of Nations, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed for help 5/24/2017 The League condemned the Italy’s action Voted to impose economic sanctions The League forbade members to sell Italy arms and certain raw materials Sanctions did not include crucial materials oil, coal, or iron 13 Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia Once again the League’s actions were ineffective Mussolini completed his conquest of Ethiopia In May 1936, he formally annexed the African nation 5/24/2017 14 Spanish Civil War A civil war in Spain further inflamed the international situation in the 1930s After much chaos in Spain, King Alfonso abdicated the throne 5/24/2017 Government began reforms to end Catholic Church’s role in education and redistribute the land from nobles to peasants From 1936 to 1939 the conservative Spanish Nationalists and the left-wing Loyalists battled for control of Spain 15 Spanish Civil War As a result of reforms, conservative groups wished to restore the old order Right wing army groups staged uprising and it spread For three years, conservative Spanish nationalists groups led by Francisco Franco, and left wing Loyalists, or Spanish Republicans, battled for control of Spain 5/24/2017 16 Spanish Civil War Several powers—Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union—intervened in the Spanish war The governments of the western democracies, however, refused to intervene because they feared a general European war Adolf Hitler saw his participation as strengthening ties with Italy and to secure supplies of Spanish ore and magnesium 5/24/2017 17 Spanish Civil War Goering, head of the German Luftwaffe, used the opportunity to test his weapons and tactics Spanish towns were used for this purpose Combined use of fire and high explosive bombs Civil war ended1939 with Franco as victor 5/24/2017 Half a million Spaniards dead, the Nationalists emerged victorious; Spain now joined Italy and Germany as countries headed by fascist dictators 18 Hitler on the Offensive In March 1936, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and seize the Rhineland From Mein Kampf, “…to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled” France had the right to take military action and Britain had the obligation to back France 5/24/2017 Neither took action because they feared war Were they being wise or merely putting off the inevitable? Was this appeasement? 19 Occupying the Rhineland The Rhineland was off limits to Hitler The Treaty of Versailles forbade it The Rhineland was a buffer to protect France Hitler gambled France and Britain would do nothing and he was right Another sign of appeasement Hitler had counted on 5/24/2017 20 Occupying the Rhineland In October 1936, Hitler and Mussolini created an alliance called the Axis Powers To be the “axis” the world turns around on it Germany and Italy later joined with Japan to form the Anti-Comintern Pact Though Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin urged the West to unite in opposition against the Axis, the West refused 5/24/2017 The West didn’t trust Stalin 21 Seizing Austria Hitler wanted to add Austria to Germany “Germany-Austria must return to the great mother country” In 1934, Hitler tried to seize Austria, but Mussolini mobilized Italian troops 5/24/2017 Now they were allies, however Hitler bullied the Austrian Chancellor into placing Nazis into key government posts 22 Seizing Austria Bullied by Hitler, the Austrian Chancellor appealed to Britain and France for help Again, the two major democratic powers, France and Great Britain did nothing In March 1938 Hitler sent troops into Austria and proclaimed it part of Germany 5/24/2017 Hitler said he was promoting stability in Central Europe by uniting German peoples No Western powers took military action 23 Tension Builds in Europe Czechoslovakia was the only democratic nation in Central Europe Created by treaty at the end of WW I Key strategic position High standard of living Strong army Alliances with France and Russia 5/24/2017 24 Tensions Build in Europe Czechoslovakia had many minority peoples—besides Czechs and Slavs Hungarians; Ruthenians; Germans During the 1930s, minorities began to demand more freedom 5/24/2017 Hitler took advantage of minority problems to destroy the country 25 Tensions Build in Europe In September 1938 Hitler demanded the Germans of the Sudetenland be given the right of self-determination Czechoslovakia responded with martial law To avert an international crisis, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain suggested he and Hitler meet to discuss the matter 5/24/2017 26 Tensions Build in Europe Hitler takes advantage of Chamberlain’s appeasement approach Chamberlain met with Hitler in Germany where Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia be turned over to Germany Chamberlain accepted Hitler’s offer because he felt appeasement would stabilize Europe Hitler then raised his demands, stating the Sudetenland must be united with Germany 5/24/2017 27 The Munich Conference On September 29, 1938, Chamberlain met with Hitler for a third time Also attending were French Premier Edouard Daladier and Italy’s Benito Mussolini Mussolini offered compromise which gave the Sudetenland to Germany; in return Hitler would respect Czechoslovakia’s sovereignty. Hitler also promised not to take anymore European territory and settle disputes peacefully in the future 5/24/2017 28 The Munich Conference Still hoping to avoid war, Great Britain and France accepted the terms On September 30, Czechoslovakia reluctantly accepted the terms Chamberlain returned home to cheering crowds—hailed as a hero He said he ensured “peace in our time” He said he trusted Hitler and the Nazis would cause no more trouble 5/24/2017 29 The Munich Conference On March 15, 1939, Hitler sent his troops into Czechoslovakia Took control of western part of the country The eastern part became a puppet state Western nations could no longer maintain their illusions about Hitler’s plans Western nations began to prepare for war 5/24/2017 30 The Coming War More German demands followed the Munich agreement Hitler forced Lithuania to give up city of Memel Hitler pressured Poland threatening to take over the port of Danzig and some land Great Britain and France promised to help Poland The Polish government accepted the help and rejected Hitler’s demands 5/24/2017 31 The West and the Soviets To defend Poland, the Western powers had to consider the Soviet Union and Stalin The West (particularly Chamberlain) didn’t trust Stalin; they suspected he wanted to extend Communism throughout Europe Stalin suspected the goal of the Munich Agreement was to direct German attention toward the Soviet Union 5/24/2017 32 The West and the Soviets Trying to determine who was the greater enemy, Fascism or Communism, was a problem for the West Chamberlain asks the Soviets to fight on the side of the West Stalin said “yes” if the Soviets could occupy large stretch of European land; Chamberlain refused 5/24/2017 Stalin thought the West would like to see Germany and Soviet Union destroy themselves 33 Nazi-Soviet Talks Because he doubted that the West would come to his country’s aid if Germany threatened it, Stalin signed a Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union pledged never to attack each other and to remain neutral if the other became involved in war They secretly agreed to create spheres of influence in Europe 5/24/2017 34 Nazi-Soviet Talks Stalin and Hitler had no illusions about their talks Long time enemies; this was a short-term arrangement needed for both nations Soviets needed time to prepare for war Germans could secure the Eastern border The Pact shocked Western leaders West lost Soviets as ally Hitler free to pursue Poland 5/24/2017 35 Nazi-Soviet Talks Hitler was convinced the West would do nothing if he invaded Poland “The men of Munich will not take the risk” Hitler sent his armies across the Polish frontier on September 1, 1939 Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany, beginning World War II 5/24/2017 36 War in Europe Section 2 5/24/2017 37 Read to Find Out Main Idea: Hitler People to Meet: took over most of Winston Churchill, Europe, sparking Charles de Gaulle, responses from Franklin D. Great Britain and the Roosevelt United States Places to Locate: Terms to Define: Finland, Norway, Blitzkrieg, blitz, cashLondon, Libya and-carry policy, lend-lease 5/24/2017 38 Overview Blitzkrieg into Poland, Sept 1, 1939 Planes, tank divisions (panzers), then troops Troops in motorized vehicles One and a half million troops Great Britain and France sent forces immediately The Soviet Union moved forces to its Eastern border 5/24/2017 39 Overview Stalin forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases Finland refused to let Soviets in War broke out, Finns fought bravely but lost and were forced to accept Soviets Soviets now had 70 more miles west to help defend them and making Leningrad less vulnerable 5/24/2017 40 Hitler Looks to the West All through the winter and spring of 1939 and 1940, the western front was quiet Germans called it “sit-down war”: Sitzkrieg Many hoped all-out conflict could still be avoided After Finland fell, British placed mines (underwater explosives) outside Norway to stop German shipping 5/24/2017 41 The Invasion of Scandinavia Hitler used the mining to deliver an ultimatum to Norway and Denmark They must accept protection from the “Reich” He told them the West would attack them The Danes accepted his demands, the Norwegians declined 5/24/2017 42 The Invasion of Scandinavia The Germans began to seize major cities in Norway, including Oslo On April 9, Hitler took control of both Denmark and Norway, winning the outlet to the Atlantic that he needed 5/24/2017 Hitler’s German navy would not be bottled up in the Baltic Sea as it was in WW I 43 The Invasion of Scandinavia The fall of Denmark and Norway caused an uproar in the British House of Commons Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain lost the confidence of his party and the people Chamberlain’s policy’s were strongly criticized as being ineffective Chamberlain steps down from his position as Prime Minister 5/24/2017 44 The Invasion of Scandinavia With the resignation of Chamberlain On May 10, 1940, King George VI summoned Winston Churchill to Buckingham Palace and asked him to form a new government Winston Churchill had been one of the few politicians to warn of the Nazi danger in the 1930s, was now prime minister 5/24/2017 45 The Fall of France The Maginot Line was impressive but it was flawed Had a gap of 50 miles in the Ardennes 5/24/2017 An area of rolling hills, fast moving rivers, and thick forests stretching from Belgium, Luxembourg, and France 46 The Fall of France Hitler carried out a massive attack on the Low Countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands German troops parachute into the Netherlands First large airborne attack in history Dutch totally surprised Five days later, the Dutch gave up 5/24/2017 47 The Fall of France On the same day that Germany invaded the Netherlands—May 10, 1940—Britain and France moved their troops into Belgium. German panzers began to circle the Allies, while other German divisions raced toward France 5/24/2017 48 Dunkirk Although Belgium forces fought valiantly, they could not hold out The Germans pushed westward trapping the Belgium, British, and French forces in the northwest corner of France The only hope was an evacuation by sea from the French port of Dunkirk For reasons never entirely understood, Hitler orders his forces to halt before they reached the coast; German forces in sight of the coast 5/24/2017 49 Dunkirk With 300,000 troops at Dunkirk surrounded by the Germans, a rescue operation is ordered on May 26 Ragtag armada of 850 vessels Destroyers, cruisers, trawlers, tugs, yachts, fishing boats Mostly civilian operated In 9 days of rescue operations, while under air and ground attack, the rescue was a success 5/24/2017 50 Dunkirk Germans faced an unprepared French army and confused French government The Germans continued their sweep into France and on June 14 entered Paris A week later, France signed an armistice with Germany 5/24/2017 51 Vichy and the Free French The Germans now occupied all of northern France and set up a puppet government in southern France in the city of Vichy called the Vichy government French Field Marshall Henri Petain collaborated with the Germans Many French citizens continued to fight for freedom: French Resistance, an underground unit of French citizens 5/24/2017 52 Battle of Britain All that stood between Hitler and German domination of western Europe was Winston Churchill and the British people Winston Churchill 5/24/2017 53 On May 13, 1940, Churchill stated in a speech in the House of Commons that he had “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” and that Great Britain’s message was “victory at all costs” 5/24/2017 54 Battle of Britain Churchill—in the House of Commons “You ask what is our policy?...to wage war with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us” “You ask what is our aim? I can answer with one word: Victory—victory at all costs in spite of all terror, victory, however hard and long the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival” 5/24/2017 55 Battle of Britain Hitler knew he had to destroy airfields and industry to defeat Britain Hitler began to bomb Britain in early August 1940 Hitler’s Air Force chief, Hermann Goering, sent 1000 planes per day to fight the Royal Air Force (RAF) 5/24/2017 The Germans lost more planes than the Brits 56 Battle of Britain Germany switched to massive night bombings of London From September 7 to November 3 German bombers pounded London with its great blitz In one night, German bombers dropped 70,000 fire bombs on London 5/24/2017 Thousands were killed or injured; buildings destroyed, power and gas lines broken, roads and railways knocked out 57 Battle of Britain Despite the massive death and destruction heaped upon the British people by Hitler, British morale did not break Of the RAF pilots, Churchill wrote, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few” 5/24/2017 58 Anglo-American Cooperation Throughout the early phases of the war, the United States was determined to remain neutral The United States congress enacted laws designed to prevent American involvement in the war 5/24/2017 59 Anglo-American Cooperation Congressional laws prohibited involvement The Neutrality Acts of 1937 Prohibited arms shipments, loans, and credit to belligerent countries Congress later banned the export of armaments to either side in the Spanish Civil War 5/24/2017 60 Anglo-American Cooperation President Franklin D. Roosevelt became convinced that Germany’s expansion endangered American security Recognizing that Britain and France could not stop Hitler without American aid, Roosevelt rallied American opinion News reports made Americans sympathetic to Britain’s plight 5/24/2017 61 Anglo-American Cooperation Churchill appealed to the United States for help Roosevelt gave the British 50 old American naval destroyers in exchange for bases on British soil Roosevelt convinced congress the cash-and carry policy was legal and kept the U.S. neutral 5/24/2017 62 Anglo-American Cooperation Cash-and-Carry Policy Great Britain traded cash for supplies (no loans or credit) Kept American neutrality Cost of war drained the British treasury Lend-Lease Policy 5/24/2017 Congress authorized President to lend war equipment to any country whose defense is vital to America’s national security 63 Anglo-American Cooperation On August 9, 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt issued a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter calling for Freedom of trade The right of people to choose their own government The “final destruction of Nazi tyranny” 5/24/2017 64 Eastern Europe and Africa Mussolini declared war on France and Britain Although vastly outnumbered, the British scored victory after victory against the Italians stationed along Libya’s north coast 5/24/2017 65 Eastern Europe and Africa Churchill diverted some troops from Africa to Europe to stop Hitler’s advance This mistake left British troops in Africa vulnerable British tanks and 12,000 troops were captured Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox) to command a tank force in Libya 5/24/2017 Rescued Italians and pushed the British from Libya Probably Hitler’s best general—respected on both sides for his clever tactics 66 A Global Conflict Section 3 5/24/2017 67 Read to Find Out Main Idea: Particular events led the Soviet Union and the United States to enter World War II Terms to Define: scorched earth policy, Holocaust, genocide People to Meet: Isoroku Yamamoto Places to Locate: Moscow, Kiev, Leningrad, Dachau, Warsaw, Auschwitz, Pearl harbor 5/24/2017 68 Invasion of the Soviet Union Hitler not able to defeat Britain Hitler wants steppe lands of Soviet Union, plus wheat and oil Hitler launches Operation Barbarossa against the Soviets Stalin surprised by invasion Germans destroy most of Soviet air force, disable thousands of tanks, and capture half a million Soviet soldiers 5/24/2017 69 Invasion of the Soviet Union Stalin issued scorched-earth-policy Destroy everything useful to invaders Germans moved 600 miles into Soviet Union, captured Kiev, and began the siege of Leningrad Soviets would not surrender Germans move to within assault of Moscow 5/24/2017 70 Invasion of Soviet Union Soviets stage a counterattack and force the Germans to retreat Germans face formidable Soviet winter A German soldier: “We had no gloves. We had no winter shoes…Guns didn’t work anymore. Even our wireless equipment didn’t work properly anymore because the batteries were frozen hard” 5/24/2017 71 The Nazi Order Create a “New Order” in Europe Rule Europe and exploit resources Force people to work for the “master race” Exterminate “undesirable elements” such as the Jews and the Slavs Hitler began to plunder occupied countries 5/24/2017 Seized art, raw materials, and factory equipment 72 The Nazi Order Nazis drove millions into forced labor and concentration camps Nazis massacred millions more 1939-1944, 7.5 million people sent to Germany to work in factories, fields, and mines Many people joined underground resistance units to fight the Nazis 5/24/2017 73 The Holocaust Beginning 1941, as planned, Nazis started to exterminate all Jews in Europe During the next four years, Nazis murdered more than 6 million Jews Mass destruction of Jewish people known as the Holocaust Another 6 million people, including Slavs and Gypsies, were also killed 5/24/2017 74 The Holocaust: Beginnings Mid-1940, Nazis began persecuting Jews Expelled Jews from jobs and schools Forced them to wear yellow badges showing the Star of David, an ancient Jewish symbol Those unable to escape were sent to Nazi concentration camps such as Dachau 5/24/2017 75 The Holocaust: Beginnings Largest Jewish populations were in Poland and the Soviet Union Jews forced into areas known as ghettos Largest ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland Highly unsanitary Contagious diseases Only small amounts of food permitted Tens of thousands died from starvation Tried to live normally; secret education classes 5/24/2017 76 The Holocaust: The Killing Squads Invasion of the Soviet Union was turning point in Nazi mistreatment of Jews Turned to mass murder of Jews Special units embedded with the German army called the SS killed Jews on contact After giving up their belongings, Jews were taken outside town and shot; their bodies dumped into mass graves 5/24/2017 77 The Holocaust: The Killing Squads The killing squads murdered over a million Jews and hundreds of thousands of other innocent people At Babi Yar, near Kiev in Ukraine, about 35,000 Jews were murdered in two days of shooting 5/24/2017 78 The Holocaust: The Final Solution In January 1942, Nazi party and German government agreed on the “final solution” Nazi code word for the destruction of all European Jews First time a modern state established campaign of genocide—the deliberate killing of a people on the basis of race, politics, or culture 5/24/2017 79 The Holocaust: The Final Solution Beginning Summer 1942 rounded up Jews in Europe by the hundreds of thousands Transported by train or truck to death camps such as Auschwitz in Poland where most eventually died Many murdered in poison gas chambers, died of starvation, or victims of experiments by Nazi doctors 5/24/2017 80 The Holocaust: Response and Resistance Nazis tried to keep the camps secret Jews found out and tried to fight back but were outnumbered and out gunned Some Jews joined resistance fighters 5/24/2017 Hannah Senesh was parachuted into Hungary to organize resistance efforts; she was caught and killed 81 The Holocaust: Response and Resistance Anti-Semitic Europeans helped Nazis Pro-Nazi governments in France, Italy, and Hungary sent tens of thousands of Jews to death camps Banks in neutral Switzerland profited from the money and valuables stolen from the Jews by Nazis 5/24/2017 By 1990s, much of the wealth had not been returned 82 The Holocaust: Response and Resistance Most people in occupied areas did nothing, thinking it didn’t concern them or they feared retribution from the Nazis Some people did help 5/24/2017 Denmark actively the Nazis regime’s efforts to remove its Jewish citizens 83 The Holocaust: Response and Resistance Evidence of the Holocaust reached the outside world Little action was taken Allied governments believed fighting and winning was the only way to help the Jews Full horror of the Holocaust not realized until Allied forces had liberated the concentration camps and death camps in 1945 5/24/2017 84 Japanese Expansion Seizing much of China, Japan turned to European colonies in East and Southeast Asia Looking for raw materials Thanks to Hitler, European nations left their colonies defenseless 5/24/2017 French Indo-china, Dutch East Indies, Singapore (Great Britain) 85 Japanese Expansion Japan announced plan to create “new order in greater East Asia” “Asia for the Asiatics” Japan moved to establish the “Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere Appeal to Asians wanting to rid their lands of European rule Japan was given permission by France to build airfields in Indochina; Japan then attacked southern Indochina 5/24/2017 86 Japanese Expansion With Japan attacking Indochina, the United States placed an embargo on selling scrap iron to Japan Japan responded by signing the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy in September 27, 1940 5/24/2017 They agreed to receive the space for which they are entitled and come to each others’ defense 87 Pearl Harbor When Japan invaded Indochina July 24, 1941, President Roosevelt demanded they withdraw Congress placed embargo on oil Congress froze Japanese assets Japan would go to war with the U.S. because Japan believed the U.S. stood in its way for expansion in the East 5/24/2017 88 Pearl Harbor To defeat the U.S., Japan knew it had to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto convinced Japanese leaders that Pearl Harbor was vulnerable to attack using bombers aboard aircraft carriers and newly developed torpedoes 5/24/2017 89 Pearl Harbor In November 1941, Japanese fleet set sail U.S. and Japanese negotiations had broken down Roosevelt knew Japan was poised for attack but believed it would be Southeast Asia 5/24/2017 90 Pearl Harbor As a precaution, U.S. military leaders sent all aircraft carriers and half the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor 5/24/2017 The damage to the Pacific Fleet was event greater than Japan had hoped for 91 Pearl Harbor Within 25 minutes of the attack, the Japanese sank or damaged the battleships Arizona Utah Oklahoma West Virginia California 5/24/2017 92 Pearl Harbor Altogether, the Japanese Sank 19 American ships Destroyed 188 planes Killed more than 2400 people Wounded 1100 people 5/24/2017 93 Pearl Harbor President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared before congress the next day He asked for and received a declaration of war against Japan Called December 7 “ date which will live in infamy” 5/24/2017 94 Pearl Harbor Simply put, Pearl harbor changed the entire course of World War II 5/24/2017 The Japanese attack brought the United States, with its powerful military potential, into World War II 95 Pearl Harbor On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 Authorized the War Department to move 112,000 Japanese Americans (men, women, and children) from the West Coast to crude internment camps farther inland Japanese Americans lost their constitutional rights, property, homes, and businesses 5/24/2017 96 Pearl Harbor Despite the policy of internment of Japanese Americans, they remained loyal to the U.S. and none were ever charged with espionage or sabotage Twenty six thousand Japanese Americans fought for the U.S in WW II 5/24/2017 The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (highly decorated Japanese unit) distinguished itself in combat in Italy 97 Pearl Harbor Not until 1988 did the U.S. government acknowledge the wrong done to Japanese Americans during WW II 5/24/2017 That year, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill that gave surviving internees a formal apology and reparations for their suffering during internment 98 The Allies With U.S. at war with Japan, Italy and Germany declared war on the U.S. Great Britain, backing the U.S., declared war on Japan Western democracies and the Soviet Union put aside differences to defeat the common enemy 5/24/2017 99 The Allies Stalin wanted Allies to open a second front taking the pressure off the Soviets Three million people were trapped in Leningrad; within 2 years, one million would die from cold and starvation Roosevelt favored the second front, but Churchill was against it; Britain would have to bear the brunt if launched 5/24/2017 100 The Allies Roosevelt and Churchill postponed plans for an invasion of Europe The two leaders concentrated on campaigns in North Africa and the Mediterranean 5/24/2017 101 Turning Points Section 4 5/24/2017 102 Read to Find Out Main Idea: The tide of war turned in favor of the Allies during 1942 and 1943 Terms to Define: kamikaze People to Meet: Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Chester W. Nimitz Places to Locate: Stalingrad, Casablanca, Sicily, Guadalcanal 5/24/2017 103 Overview In early months of 1942, the war was going badly for the Allies The American Pacific Fleet destroyed Japanese gains in the pacific German forces in the Soviet Union and Africa in strong position By the end of 1942, the tide of the war had begun to turn for the Allies 5/24/2017 104 Sea and Air Battles Shipping resources to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act was dangerous U-boats had sunk 114 Allied and neutral ships German air attacks had taken their toll The new German battleship Bismarck was a major threat in the Atlantic and the British finally sunk it 5/24/2017 105 Sea and Air Battles As they fought for control of the Atlantic, the Allies carried out an offensive against Germany Attacks were directed at factories, railroads, dockyards, and cities and towns Purpose: To destroy Germany’s war-making capability and weaken the will of the people to continue the war 5/24/2017 106 Stalingrad In July 1942, the German army was advancing on Stalingrad—things looked bad for the Soviets Churchill met with Stalin to tell him there would be no second front 5/24/2017 107 Stalin told his troops to hold Stalingrad at all costs—fight to the death 5/24/2017 Fall of Stalingrad—would be huge moral victory 108 Stalingrad The Soviets launched a counterattack against the Germans Although winter was devastating and the Soviets were advancing, Hitler would not let his army retreat Soviets able to surround the German army German army surrendered in 1943 5/24/2017 100,000 German soldiers dead; 80,000 captured 109 Stalingrad Many historians see the Battle of Stalingrad as the turning point in WW II Killing 100,000 and capturing 80,000 Capturing large quantities of German military equipment Did this battle break the back of the German military machine? Many believe so 5/24/2017 110 War in the Desert General Erwin Rommel, Commander, Afrika Corps, had been pushing the British back to Egypt General Bernard Montgomery (British) stopped him and pushed him back to Tripoli As Allied troops were landing in the west, the Allies began a pincer move against Rommel 5/24/2017 111 War in the Desert Vichy government helping Germans To end the fighting, Allied Commander General Dwight David Eisenhower struck a deal with the Vichy that ended their resistance to the allies Rommel flew to Germany and told Hitler the cause was hopeless in Africa In May, 1943, the Germans surrendered North Africa 5/24/2017 112 Invasion of Italy The Allies decided to invade Italy through Sicily in July 1943 Pressing in on Messina, the Germans and Italians flee The conquest of Sicily soon led to Mussolini’s downfall King Victor Emanuel II fired Mussolini and had him arrested The Fascist Party was dissolved 5/24/2017 113 Invasion of Italy Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio surrendered unconditionally The Germans occupied Rome two days later, forced Badoglio out, saved Mussolini and placed in control of Northern Italy Massive bombardment and 5 months to dislodged the Germans from Monte Cassino, 6th century monastery that controlling Rome’s main road The Allies now moved into Rome 5/24/2017 114 Pacific War The Japanese took over much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Japanese disliked as they took land and killed civilians Two main naval battles helped Allies to win Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway—ended Japan’s control of the Pacific 5/24/2017 115 Pacific War To follow up naval victories, the Americans launched an attack against the Pacific Island of Guadalcanal First of many attacks by land forces of General Douglas McArthur—strategy was to “leapfrog” islands up to Japan itself Admiral Chester W. Nimitz confronted the Japanese at sea 5/24/2017 116 Pacific War The “leapfrog” strategy included conquering some island and bypassing others—letting them “wither in the vine” As Americans advanced, Japanese used kamikaze (suicide) pilots who crashed their planes into ships and bases The Japanese were far from surrender 5/24/2017 117 Allied Victories Section 5 5/24/2017 118 Read to Find Out Main Idea: New technology affected the conduct and outcome of World War II Terms to Define: D-Day, partisan People to Meet: George Patton, Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee Places to Locate: Rhine River, Berlin, Yalta, Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki 5/24/2017 119 Overview To fight the Axis, Allied democracies geared their economies for war production, rationed goods, and regulated prices Citizens rights were limited The Depression was ended by the war 5/24/2017 Full employment came with hiring soldiers and employing men and women in factories 120 D-Day At a 1943 conference in Tehran,Iran, Roosevelt and Churchill told Stalin they were opening a second front One June 6, 1944 (D-Day), Operation Overlord commenced 176,000 soldiers 600 ships 10,000 aircraft 5/24/2017 121 D-Day Operation Overlord Convoys of troops sailed across the English Channel to Normandy British bombers attacked coastal defenses Allied troops parachuted into France behind the lines to assist the invasion Battleships pounded German positions Soldiers landed and moved forward amid German machine gun fire 5/24/2017 122 Despite heavy resistance, the invasion was a success Allies launch offensive General George S. Patton and his troops race across France French resistance rises up against occupying Germans Germans retreat; August 25, Allied troops, led by Free French forces, enter Paris 5/24/2017 123 Victory Over Germany Soviet forces advance from east; by Summer, 1944, push Germans from Soviet Union Hitler thinks surprise attack will work He cuts through the center of American forces and creates a “bulge” in the Allied line of troops (Battle of the Bulge) The Allies stop his advance at Bastogne, Belgium 5/24/2017 124 Victory Over Germany Allies storm across Rhine River, Germany’s historical defensive barrier By this time, Germany’s cities had undergone repeated Allied bombing attacks—both day and night—which destroyed industrial centers and killed hundreds of thousands of people 5/24/2017 125 Victory Over Germany The Soviets inflicted a savage revenge on the German population Soviets fought their way into Berlin and extracted a huge toll American and Soviet troops met at Elbe River On May 7, the Germans surrender unconditionally The next day was proclaimed VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) in Allied democracies 5/24/2017 126 Victory Over Germany Italian partisans (resistance fighters) shot Mussolini and Hitler committed suicide in his under ground bunker 5/24/2017 127 Yalta and Potsdam February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta—a Black Sea resort in the Soviet Union Agreed that France and China join the United Nations Agreed to divide Germany and Berlin Four zones Great Britain, France, United States, Soviet Union 5/24/2017 128 Yalta and Potsdam For Stalin promising to hold free elections in his occupied European lands, he was given part of Poland Stalin declared war on Japan and received the Kuril Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin Island 5/24/2017 129 Yalta and Potsdam Potsdam, Germany, six months later Harry S. Truman was now President of the United States (Roosevelt had died) Clement Attlee of the Labor Party replaced Winston Churchill as Prime Minister whom he had defeated in an election Plans made for occupation of Germany Ultimatum issued to Japan to surrender New tensions were beginning to appear 5/24/2017 130 Victory Over Japan By end of 1944, Allied victory over Japan appeared inevitable Bloody battles won at Iwo Jima and Okinawa British defeat Japanese in Southeast Asia General Douglas McArthur regained the Philippines General Hideki Tojo refuses to surrender 5/24/2017 131 Victory Over Japan President Truman decides to use a new secret weapon—the atomic bomb He wanted to end the war swiftly and avoid the enormous loss of American lives if it became necessary to invade the home islands He also may have used it to impress Soviets with American military might 5/24/2017 132 Victory Over Japan In the end, there were three central reasons for Truman using “the bomb” Invasion of Japan would cost more American lives—up to a million or more Japan would not surrender nor did it give any indication that it would Depredations of the Japanese equaled those of the Nazis 5/24/2017 133 Victory Over Japan Invasion of Japan would cost more American lives… In previous battles (Tarawa, Aleutians, etc.) Japanese soldiers fought to the death— 99% died before victory was achieved In Saipan hundreds of civilians refused to surrender—huddling in groups as grenades blew them up or roping themselves together and wading out into the ocean 5/24/2017 134 Victory Over Japan Invasion of Japan would cost more American lives… Despite whose estimates of loss of life, it seemed clear that invasion of Japan would cost the lives of over 1 million soldiers and 1 million civilians Even after the first bomb fell, the Japanese made no effort to surrender 5/24/2017 135 Victory Over Japan Japan would not surrender nor did it give any indication that it would… After the first atomic bomb exploded, the Japanese government called in Dr. Yoshio Nishina, Japan’s foremost atomic scientist 5/24/2017 Could Japan make such a weapon quickly Japan had enacted Operation Decision, a plan to use 2.5 million troops and 28 million civilians against American invaders 136 Victory Over Japan Depredations of the Japanese equaled those of the Nazis 5/24/2017 The treatment of conquered peoples, particularly the Chinese and prisoners of war, placed the Japanese on the level of the Nazis with reference to uncivilized actions 137 Victory Over Japan On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a munitions center: the blast leveled most of the city: no Japanese response 5/24/2017 138 Three days later, Americans dropped a second bomb on port city of Nagasaki 200,000 Japanese died from both bombs Many more would die from radioactivity 5/24/2017 139 Victory Over Japan On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered September 2 declared V-J Day (Victory of Japan) Japanese officials signed the surrender document aboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay—World War II was over 5/24/2017 140 Effects of the War 70 million people fought 55 million died in conflict Soviet Union lost 22 million Germany lost 8 million Japan lost 2 million United States lost 300,000 Millions more died due to genocide 5/24/2017 141 Effects of the War Between November 1945 and September 1946, war trials were held in Nuremburg, Germany Many German leaders brought to justice “Committing crimes against humanity” and for pursuing an “aggressive war” Similar war trials were held in Japan and Italy 5/24/2017 142 Effects of the War Much of Europe and Asia lay in ruins New weapons made WW II most deadly in history Twelve million people homeless For millions of people, the hardships lasted long after the war 5/24/2017 143 Effects of the War The United States stands alone as the world’s dominant power The Soviet Union is emerging as the primary challenger 5/24/2017 144