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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2009 Ira Pohl TIM Oct 29 , 2009 Talk • • • • • What is AI? A brief history Use in Industry UCSC work Future What is AI? • AI – a science/engineering of intelligence – In analogy to aeronautical engineering/flying • AI – model of “human/cognitive” system – Is done as a theory of human intelligence Acting humanly: Turing Test • Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": • Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game • • Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes • Anticipated all major arguments against AI • Loebner Prize Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling • 1960s "cognitive revolution": informationprocessing psychology Newell and Simon GPS • • Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain • • -- How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Thinking rationally: "laws of thought" • • • • • Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI -Boole Kleene, Church, Turing – McCarthy, Robinson AI prehistory • Philosophy • Mathematics • Economics/OR • Neuroscience • Psychology • Computer Science • Linguistics Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability utility, decision theory physical substrate for mental activity phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques building fast computers, algorithms knowledge representation, grammar Abridged history of AI • • • • 1943 1950 1956 1950s • • • • • • 1965 1969—79 1980 1995 2003 20xx McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning Early development of knowledge-based systems AI industry -Symbolics The emergence of intelligent agents iRobot – roomba Pacbot510 nurses, chauffeurs Packbot 510 RIBA -2008 Nurse Robot Riba Description • RIBA — short for “Robot for Interactive Body Assistance” — was developed by researchers at Japan’s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd. (TRI). Designed primarily to assist nurses by lifting patients in and out of their beds and wheelchairs (as well as on and off the toilet), the 180-kilogram (400-lb) robot can safely pick up and carry people weighing as much as 61 kilograms (135 lbs). State of the art • Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 -current best 3100+ vs 2800 for humans • Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades • No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) in 1995 -2005 132mile unknown terrain-completely autonomous • During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people • Roomba 2002 • RIBA 2007 UCSC AI-and related • • • • • • • Pohl- Heuristic Search, Should Robots have Nuclear ARMs Levinson-Morph, semantic networks Mateas-Games Intelligent dialog for characters,Façade Interactive drama Helmbold, Warmuth- effective learning algorithms McDowell,Doshay- Go program(machine champ in 2006) Elkaim- Autonomous Sailboat Wentai Liu – visual prosthesis, neural information processing Achievements • LISP, Time Sharing • Games – early space war games • Intellectual Games – mastery in Chess, checkers, othello, backgammon, scrabble– But not(yet) Go or Poker • • • • MACSYMA –Mathematica, MATLAB DENDRAL(chemistry, medicine … experts) Robotics Speech and Handwriting recognition