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Biology Class Notes Lesson 14 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Objective: 2.1.1, 4.2.2 Biomass: All living organisms on earth. Ecology: The branch of science that studies relationships between living organisms and their environment. *The primary focus is on interdependence (i.e. how species interact and the effects of these interactions). Trophic Level (TL): Each feeding level in ecosystem. Feeding Strategies for Each Trophic Level Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that obtain their energyy eating other organisms. Producers (Autotrophs) (TL 1): Organisms that capture energy and convert it into chemical energy stored in the chemcial bonds of glucose. Primary Consumer (TL 2): Organisms that eat producers. Ex: Rabbits, cardinals, and squirrels. Seondary Consumers (TL 3): Organisms that eat primary consumers. Ex: Fox, coyotes and red-tailed hawks Tertiary Consumers (TL 4) Organsims that eat seondary consumers. Ex: Bear and mountain lions. Quaternary Consumers (TL 5): Oranisms that can eat tertiary consumers. Ex: Aligators Decomposers: Organisms that obtain energy from organic wastes such as fallen leaves or dead organisms. Meat or Vegtable? Herbivores: Consumers that eat mostly plants (producers). Carnivores: Secondary consumer that east most meat (other consumers). Omnivores: Secondary consumers that eat both plants and meat (producers and consumers). Heirarchy of Life Biosphere: All parts of the Earth and its atmosphere that supports life. • Life is not distributed evenly and most life is found near the surface of land or water. Ecosystem: Organisms interacting as interdependent communities in a large area. • Has both living and non-living parts • Types vary and include: forests, rivers, lakes, oceans, coral reefs, etc. • The environment determines the boundaries of an ecosystem. Ex: Desert Ecosystem vs. Temperatate Forest Ecosystem Population: A group of individuals of the same species in a given area. Ex: Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes vs. White Oak trees Organism: An individual member of a population. Ex: one W. Diamondback Rattlesnake vs. one White Oak tree. “This we know. The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to earth. All things are connected, like the blood which connects one family. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of the earth. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself”. Chief Seattle, 1854 Food Chains and Energy Pyramids • Describe the energy flow in ecosystems. • Begin with the sun trapped by producers. • Energy is exchanged from producers to consumers. • Each step is a trophic level. • **Only ~10% of the available energy is passed from one level the next. Food Webs • Connects multiple food chains. • Producers and consumers can belong to multiple food chains. • Food webs: on land = terrestrial food webs, in fresh water = aquatic food webs, an in the ocean- marine food webs. Key Words: Ecosystem Producer Consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Decomposer Food chain Food web Trophic level Hervivore Carnivor Omnivore Energy pyramid Biomass