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CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER Earthquakes the BIG idea Earthquakes release stress that has built up in rocks. 4.1 Earthquakes occur along faults. 4.2 Earthquakes release energy. 4.3 Earthquake damage can be reduced. CHAPTER OUTLINE 4.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquakes occur along faults. Normal faults form as rocks are pulled apart. VOCABULARY fault stress earthquake SECTION OUTLINE 4.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquakes occur along faults. Normal faults form as rocks are pulled apart. Reverse faults form as rocks are pushed together. VOCABULARY fault stress earthquake SECTION OUTLINE 4.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquakes occur along faults. Normal faults form as rocks are pulled apart. Reverse faults form as rocks are pushed together. Strike-slip faults form as rocks are pushed horizontally in opposite directions. VOCABULARY fault stress earthquake SECTION OUTLINE 4.2 CHAPTER HOME KEY CONCEPT Earthquakes release energy. VOCABULARY seismic wave focus epicenter epicenter seismograph focus Seismic waves move out from the focus in all directions. SECTION OUTLINE 4.3 CHAPTER HOME KEY CONCEPT Earthquake damage can be reduced. A powerful earthquake releases more energy and causes more shaking of the ground than does a weak earthquake. Magnitude 0–3.9 Very Minor to Minor 4.0–4.9 Light 5.0–5.9 Moderate 6.0–6.9 Strong 7.0–7.9 Major 8.0 and above Great Effects Near Epicenter rarely noticed VOCABULARY aftershock liquefaction tsunami slight damage some structures damaged major damage to structures some well-built structures destroyed major to total destruction SECTION OUTLINE KEY CONCEPT 4.3 CHAPTER HOME Earthquake damage can be reduced. VOCABULARY aftershock liquefaction tsunami 0 200 400 miles 0 200 400 kilometers An area’s risk of earthquakes can be predicted. SECTION OUTLINE 4.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquake damage can be reduced. VOCABULARY aftershock liquefaction tsunami Structures can be designed for greater safety in an earthquake. SECTION OUTLINE 4.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquakes occur along faults. I. Earthquakes occur along faults. A. Rocks move along faults. B. Faults are classified by how rocks move. VOCABULARY fault stress earthquake 1. Normal Faults 2. Reverse Faults 3. Strike-Slip Faults KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 4.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquakes release energy. II. Earthquakes release energy. A. Energy from earthquakes travels through Earth. 1. Waves and Energy 2. Primary Waves VOCABULARY seismic wave focus epicenter seismograph 3. Secondary Waves 4. Surface Waves B. Seismic waves can be measured. 1. Using Seismographs 2. Locating an Earthquake KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 4.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Earthquake damage can be reduced. III. Earthquake damage can be reduced. A. Earthquakes can cause severe damage and loss of life. 1. Earthquake Magnitude VOCABULARY aftershock liquefaction tsunami 2. Damage from Earthquakes 3. Damage from Tsunamis B. Scientists work to monitor and predict earthquakes. C. Structures can be designed to resist earthquake damage. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY