Download Exam 3 Review

BIOL 256 SI, Molly
Exam 3 Review
3/24/17
1.) Sketch a sarcomere below (this will be useful for later questions). Label each filament, zone,
disc, and line.
2.) Sketch the relationship between calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin below.
3.) A motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates is called a:
a. Neuromuscular junction
b. Motor end plate
c. Motor unit
d. Sarcomere
4.) As a review from last unit, what was the role of calcium in a neuron? Is it the same function in
muscle contractions? If not, explain.
5.) In 4 steps, describe the role of ATP in a cross-bridge cycle.
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.) Discuss with those around you if a muscle would contract in each of the following scenarios. If
not, explain.
a. ATP and calcium were available
b. No ATP or calcium were available
c. ATP was available but calcium wasn’t
d. Calcium was available but ATP wasn’t
7.) Describe the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions. Give an example of each.
8.) Place the following ques in the correct boxes. They may be used more than once.
red, white, fast, slow, oxidative, glycolytic, many mitochondria, few mitochondria, lots of
myoglobin, little myoglobin, many blood vessels, few blood vessels, fatigue resistant, fatigue
quickly
Type I
Type IIa
Type IIb
9.) Muscle fatigue occurs when the strength of a muscle contraction becomes weaker and weaker
until it no longer responds to the stimulus. What factors contribute to muscle weakness?
10.) In smooth muscles, how is muscle contraction similar and different than in skeletal muscles?
11.) Blood is:
_____ % plasma
_____ % formed elements
_____ % of body weight
12.) Fill in the missing terms or definitions.
e. _______________________ - hemoglobin bound to oxygen
f. Carboxyhemoglobin –____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
g. ________________________ - CO2 bound to AA of the hemoglobin
h. ________________________ - cyanide binds hemoglobin, turning heme blue
i. Deoxyhemoglobin - ______________________________________________________
13.) What happens when there’s too few/too many red blood cells?
14.) Anemia is blood with _______________________________________________.
Describe the differences among:
a. Polycythemia –
b. Hemorrhagic anemia –
c. Hemolytic anemia –
d. Aplastic anemia –
15.) Myelolasts develop into:
16.) Monoblasts develop into:
17.) Lymphoblasts develop into:
18.) Hemostasis is the process your body goes through to stop bleeding. There are three phases
involved. Name and describe them below:
e. (Phase 1)
f.
(Phase 2)
g. (Phase 3)
19.) What’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
20.) Describe the path of electrical impulses through the heart. Drawing a diagram may be helpful!
21.) How does the “all-or-none” law apply to myocardial cells?
22.) Heart block is due to damage of the _______________________________ node.
23.) Normal heart sounds resemble a “lub-dub” noise. What are the sounds that are abnormal “lubdub” noises?
24.) Draw out an electrocardiogram output. Label each wave, complex, and interval. Below the
output, describe what is happening at each position listed above.
25.) T or F: The heart’s biggest danger is running out of fuel for energy to its cells.
26.) Fill in the blank:
Reduced blood flow to cardiomyocytes usually occurs due to __________________________.
This results in ____________________________________, which in turn increases
____________________________. The intracellular H+ and Ca2+ increase, which causes the
__________ junctions to close, isolating the injured cardiomyocytes. As a result, the individual
feels _______________________. Eventually, those isolated cells __________, causing
_______________________, or weakening of the heart. If the weakening of the heart persists,
the end result is _______________________________.
27.) Distinguish among arrhythmias, fibrillation, and ectopic focus.
28.) Average stroke volume is _______ mL/beat. Average cardiac output is _______ L/min.
29.) Do preload, contractility, and afterload increase or decrease stroke volume as each of them
INCREASES?
30.) Positive chronotropic factors _______________________ heart rate, while negative
chronotropic factors _______________________ heart rate.
31.) Normal heart rate changes with age and with the type of exercise. How does endurance exercise
effect resting heart rate?
32.) Describe angiogenesis.
33.) When body temperature increases, blood vessels near the skin will (vasodilate/vasoconstrict).
34.) An increase in peripheral resistance causes an increase in blood pressure. Place “increase” or
“decrease” beside each of the factors to describe how they affect peripheral resistance when
each of them INCREASES.
a. Blood viscosity
b. Total blood vessel length
c. Blood vessel diameter
35.) List the chemicals that increase blood pressure.
36.) List the chemicals that decrease blood pressure.