Download PPTBVS RGPV Carbon NEW Dec 09

Dr. V K Sethi
Director – UIT, RGPV, Bhopal
Major Contradictory Challenges
Faced by Developing world
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Quest for increased Generation
capacity – A Terawatt Challenge
Climate Change
- rising GHG level
High dependence on fossil fuel
(coal) based generation.
Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9%
requires that by the year 2012, we must
have installed capacity at a level of
over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the
level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or
Terra Watt – This poses a Terra watt
challenges for India.
Green House Gas level rise from a current level of
380 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and
draughts has affected 260 million people between
2000 and 2004 through natural calamities of these,
98% were in developing nations.
Developed countries with population of 15% of
world population have the share of CO2 emissions at
50%.
CO2 level has rises to 390 ppm from 1975 level of
330 ppm.
There is so much
momentum in the system that
we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the
century.
Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause
displacement of over 330 million people in
developing world.
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China and India are projected to account
for 30% of the world’s increase in
energy consumption between 2000-2020
and 92% of increase in coal use.
World Green House inventory is over
29,000 Million tones per annum
(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with
total emission of about 1400 MTPA is
only at 4.8 %.)
Coal is going to remain main stay for
power generation in at least next Three
decades for India (93,726 MW Coal
based generation out of 1,47,965 MW
total power installed capacity)
Note : Green House inventory for India
for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)
Energy Sector
CO2
CO2 equivalent
(CO2+CH4+NOX)
Total Emission
834
(58% of total)
928
(64% of total)
Source: IAE: 1999
Therefore there is Global Tri-lima. The country is
thus facing:
 Quest for increased generation.
 Dependence on Coal based generation.
 Climate change due to rising GHG level.
Solution lies in
Adoption of Green Power Technologies
Low Carbon/ No Carbon technologies & Clean
Coal Technologies
Development of Carbon capture & Sequestration
technologies
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed:
• The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by
0.76˚C over the past century.
• It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of this
global warming was due to increased GHGs(green house
gases ), resulting from human activity.
• Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12
warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface
temperature.
• Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has
declined in both the hemispheres.
• Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have
contributed to sea level rise. Best estimate regarding the
future changes in climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8
inch and for high scenario is 4.0 inch sea level rise.
INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB
BY 2010
• POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY
1,47,965 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum
• TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION BY XI PLAN END
• Central
46,500 MW
• State & IPP
41,800 MW
• NCES
10,700 MW
• Nuclear
6,400 MW
Total
105,400 MW
• BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY
…Over 1000 Billion kWh
• THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit)
GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2012
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy &
Environment
• A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy
they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by
2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for
limiting GHG emission levels
• By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in
Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal
Power:
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Thermal
Renewable & Hydro
Nuclear
Total
326,000MW
104,000 MW
20,000 MW
450,000 MW
Energy Security – Indian
Perspective
AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:
• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology.
• Promote CCT in countries like India & China where
coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.
• Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy
Generating Systems.
• Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil
Fuel Technology.
• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
Installed capacity in Utilities as on April 07
…1, 47, 965 MW
• Thermal Installed Capacity…93,726 MW
(Coal 77,648 MW, Gas 14,876 MW, Diesel 1202 MW + Others- cogen etc.)
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Hydro Power …36,877 MW
Nuclear Power … 4120 MW
Renewable Energy Sources …13,242 MW
Electric Demand…..7-8% growth
Peak & Energy Shortage…..16.7% & 12.1%
Capacity Addition in 11th Plan……80,020 MW
INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
• Total Installed Capacity … 1,47,965 MW
• Thermal Generation
… over 66 %
• Although no GHG reduction targets for India but
taken steps through adoption of Renewable
Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Cogeneration, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance
optimization
• Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of
GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable
development as per Framework Convention on
Climate change (FCCC)
FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
• GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES,
• ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,
POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR.
• AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
• 50,000 MW HYDRO POWER INITIATIVES
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
• FRESH LOOK ON OUR NUCLEAR POWER POLICY &
ACCELERATED GROWTH OF FAST BREEDER
REACTORS BASED ON THORIUM.
• THRUST ON COAL WASHRIES & IGCC TECHNOLOGY
Low Carbon Economy on Sustainable Path
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Combating Climate Change – Nature’s Fury
Solar for irrigation
High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
Hydrogen as Fuel for future
Accelerated Program on Thorium based
Nuclear Reactor
• Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
• Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
• Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
by2030
….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
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•
Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) defined
as
‘technologies
designed to enhance:
Efficiency of conversion &
Environmental acceptability of
coal
extraction, preparation
and use in
power generation.
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for
India for 11th & 12th Plans
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Supercritical Power Plants
11th plan- 10 X 660 MW + 2 X 800 MW
Coal fired Supercritical
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants
SUPER CRITICAL UNITS
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Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC
Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
Common Off site facility
FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6 Heaters.
Total Capacity Planned
Number of Units
14,560 MW *
22 Units
* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.
Main advantages of
Super-Critical Steam Cycle
• Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal
efficiency
• Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of
Power generated compared to sub-critical
• Very good part load efficiencies
• Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units
Current State-of-Art
Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
Pressure
300 bar
Temperature 600oC
Efficiency
45% (LHV Basis)
Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC
By the year 2005 620 oC
By the year 2020 650-700 oC
Cycle Efficiency
50-55%
R&D IN SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
Main Thrust Areas :
• Materials
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& Metallurgy for components of boiler &
turbine subjected to high temperature and high
pressure.
Supercritical cycle optimization -incremental heat rate
improvement
Retrofit of supercritical boiler to subcritical PC boiler
Fluidized bed supercritical steam cycles
Once through HRSGs with supercritical parameters
Multi-reheat supercritical boilers with double/triple
reheater.
SUPER CRITICAL SCENARIO
EXPECTED BENEFITS:
• Coal Saving
1,565,200
Tonnes
• CO2 Emission Reduction
1,909,544
”
• SO2 Emission Reduction
11,648
”
661,752
”
• Ash Reduction
COAL BASED COMBINED CYCLE PLANT
Routes
Combustion
Hot Flue gas under pressure
drives the G.T.
Pressurized
Fluidized – BED
Combustor (PFBC)
Gasification
Pressurized gasification
process produces fuel for
G.T.
Options Available
– Moving – BED
– Fluidized – BED
– Entrained – BED
COAL BASED
COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION
• Offers Plant efficiency over 44% with advanced GT
• Has Lower emission of gaseous and solid pollutants
• Accept Inferior and varying quality of coals
• Lower water requirement
• Capability of phased construction and retrofitting
IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
– Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while
combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.
– Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers
the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 4448%.
– The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of
particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the
corresponding emissions from PC plant.
- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements
in IGCC are :
 hot gas de-sulfurisation
 hot gas particulate removal
 advanced turbine systems
IGCC
Gas
Clean Up
Fuel
COAL
Raw Gas
Cooler
Steam
Combustion
Chamber
Air
Gasifier
Alternator
Booster
Comp.
Ash
Turb.
Air
Steam
Alternator
ST
Exhaust
Gases
Condenser
WHB
Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)
technology has selectively been applied in India
for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite,
etc.
CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant
Technology:
– Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with
limestone injection the furnace.
Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Steam to Super Heater
Cyclone
Coal Feed
Hopper
Ash Cooler
Back-Pass
Furnace
ESP
External
Heat-Exchanger
HP Air
CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies
ITEM
CFBC
PF+FGD/SCR
IGCC
Cycle Efficiency %
34.8
36.7
41-42
Relative Capital
Cost/kW
1.0
1.03-1.19
1.15-1.42
Relative O&M
Cost/kW
1.0
1.49
0.8-0.98
At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less
costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However,
firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when
using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and
rejects.
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
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India’s position with regard to Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We
don’t make any commitment at this stage
regarding deployment of CCS technologies.
India advocates very strongly the Carbon
Capture & Sequestration.
Some of the demo pilot projects include.
- Pilot project on Geological CO2
sequestration
in basalt rock formation.
The question of adoption of CCS will depend
on this
technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National
Program on
Carbon
Sequestration
(NPCS)
The pilot plant at RGPV is one of the Carbon Capture &
Sequestration plant together with CO2 conversion into
Hydrogen, Methane & Biodiesel through Algae Route.
FLUE GAS
FROM GASIFIER
H2
LEGEND
STEAM
N2
N2
F.G.
CO2
MEA
CH4
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
METHANE
MEA-01
MEA-02
MEA-03
CO
H2
LIGNITE
CH4
HYDROGEN
PRODUCER
CO
CONVERTOR
ASH
GAS SCRUBBER
04
ST
NaHCO3
PURE MEA
06
ST
CO2 STRIPPER
05
PURE H2 FOR
FULE CELL
SATURATED CO2
S
T
E
A
M
MEA -07
P2
FLUE
GAS
P1
BOILER
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT
Pilot Plant for CO2 Capture at RGPV –
Salient Data
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PROJECT: Modelling & Simulation Of Carbon Recycling
Technology Through Conversion Of CO2 Into Multipurpose
Fuels.
SPONSORED BY : DST Delhi
Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day
Source of CO2
: Boiler of capacity
100kg/hr. steam & Biomass
Gasifier of 10kW
Solvent used for capture of CO2
: Mono Ethanol Amine
(MEA)
SOx & NOx Removal
: Na H CO3
Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit
- For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst
- For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst
- For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C & Lignite
SUMMARY

Sustainable Power Development calls for
adoption of Clean Coal Technologies like
Supercritical cycles, IGCC and FBC
technologies

Supercritical Power technologies may
selectively be used for Pit Head power
generation using washed coal
SUMMARY
• IGCC can revolutionize the power generation scenario
in India, once the commercial viability of technology
with high ash coals is established at the proposed
100 MW plant.
•
The success of the project will largely depend on
maturity of Fluidized bed gasification technology for
high ash Indian Coals.
• CFBC technologies are particularly useful for Boiler
Emission reduction through revamping of old polluting
plants.
SUMMARY
•
Energy conservation along with low-or-no- carbon
energy sources is the key to dealing with
the
global warming problem.
• All alternative sources such as Biomass,
Geothermal, Tidal, Solar and Wind will meet only a
quarter of projected demand for electricity by 2050
for supporting 10 billion
world populations.
• Though there are differing opinions of
some
technologists who favour nuclear
fission,
the only long term viable source of energy is thermo
nuclear fusion. If there is any chance of Helium-3
fusion becoming a practical reality by 2050, we
must better start now.
ISSUES
•There is serious under investment today in basic low carbon
energy technologies such as photovoltaic materials for cost
effective Solar Cells, membrane materials for better fuel cells
(Thin Film etc.) and wide band-gap semiconductors for power
electronics.
•Major thrust in CO2 reduction in long term and sustainable
basis world came through adoption of advanced technologies of
Coal utilization for power generation like Supercritical/ Ultrasupercritical power cycle, Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC), Fluidized bed combustion/Gasification and so on.
A SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR
INDIA
•
Meeting Energy need of Rural India (about
100 Billion Units per annum) through use of
Renewable
Energy
technologies
like
Biomass, Wind, Solar and their Hybrid.
•
Use of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) &
Green Power Engineering (About 500 billion
Units) for Mega Power Generation for Cities,
Industries and all other sectors of economy.
Summary – A National Perspective
 Coal is going to remain our main stay in Power Scenario.
 A synergy between Energy & Environment is need of the
day as over 56% GHG Emission is from Energy
Generating Systems, for which:
 Accelerated growth of Power generation should be
coupled with
Environmental concern through
adoption of Clean Coal
Technologies
 Renewable Energy Technologies need a fillip
particularly for Rural Sector
 Energy Conservation measures will go a long way in
reducing Demand : Supply Gap
 New World order is likely to emerge at Copenhagen to
cut down Carbon emission