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September 23, 2013 Standard: SAP1e: Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types. WARM-UP: 1. The movement of substances into and out of a cell without the use of energy is called A. active transport C. exocytosis B. passive transport D. endocytosis 2. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration is called A. active transport C. osmosis B. diffusion D. hypotonic 3. A type of membrane which allows only certain molecules to pass through is called A. hypertonic C. active B. selectively permeable D. porous 4. A cell placed in a solution shrinks by the process of osmosis. What kind of solution is outside the cell? A. hypotonic C. active B. hypertonic D. Isotonic 5. If the solution surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand. What kind of solution is surrounding the cell? A. active C. hypertonic B. passive D. hypotonic Open books to pgTissues 88 Tissues -Groups of cells with specialized function Four types of human tissue: 1. Epithelial tissue (covering) 2. Connective tissue (support) 3. Muscle tissue (movement) 4. Nervous tissue (control) Epithelial Tissue Where is this tissue found? 1. Covers all free surfaces 2. Lines hollow organs 3. The major tissue composing glands Apical surface- is exposed to the body’s exterior or cavity of an internal organ Basement membrane- the structure that the lower surface of an epithelium rests on Epithelium is given (2) names: 1. Relative number of cell layers Ex. Simple epithelium (one layer) Stratified epithelium (several layers) 2. Shape of the cells Ex. Squamos (scale) cuboidal (cube), columnar (columns) Characteristics of epithelial tissue • Anchored to underlying connective tissue by basement membrane. • Lacks a blood supply. • Replaced continuously and quickly. Characteristics: • Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion. Cancer originating in epithelium? Carcinoma *90% of human cancers *Most begin on surfaces in contact with external environment. Usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances occur by diffusion *air sacs of the lungs Common in glands and their ducts *salivary glands *pancreas *walls of kidney tubules *surface of ovaries Contains “tall” cells known as goblet cells that produce a lubricating mucus *entire length of digestive tract from stomach to anus -Some cells are shorter than others and nuclei appear at different heights -Gives a false impression that it’s stratified -Functions in absorption and secretions *most of respiratory tract Found in sites that receive a great deal of abuse and friction *esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin Fairly rare in the body *ducts of large glands -Highly modified, stratified squamos epithelium -Forms the lining of a few organs where stretching occurs -Cells can slide past one another and change shape *urinary bladder, ureter, & urethra (urinary system) DRAWINGS: 1.Simple and stratified 2.Squamos, cuboidal, & columnar 3.Simple squamos 4.Simple cuboidal 5.Simple columnar 6.Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar 7.Stratified squamos 8.Transitional DRAWINGS: 1. Pg 87 a & b 2. Pgs 88-89 diagrams a-f *use photomicrograph photo for drawing *Labels - use straight lines to the right of drawing *Title & Magnification should be on top of all drawings *2 drawings per page (half page each drawing) *include where in the body tissue is found at the bottom of the drawing ex. lungs Connective tissue • Most diverse tissue. • Functions – connect, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, repair damaged tissues. • Composed of collagen and elastic fibers. • Contains an extracellular matrix- made of proteins, water, polysaccharides (many sugars) and fibers Examples of Connective tissue: 1. Adipose tissue – stores fat. 2. Dense fibrous connective tissue – mostly collagen; tendons, ligaments, whites of eyes. 3. Loose connective tissues-softer and have more cells, and fewer fibers 4. CARTILAGE- lacks direct blood supply (slow to heal) 1. Hyaline cartilage- rubbery with a “glassy” blue-white appearance; attaches rib to breastbone, skeleton of a fetus, covers joints 2. fibrocartilage- forms cushion-like discs between the vertebrae 3. Elastic cartilage- found where elasticity is needed Ex. external ear 4. Areolar Tissue- “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects body organs it wrapsasks as a “sponge” 5. Bone – hardest CT; active tissue, heals rapidly. 6. Reticular – consists of fibers that form the stroma (bed) which support free blood cells 7. Blood – transports substances (RBC), fights infection (WBC). September 19, 2012 Warm-Up: Take out your TISSUES concept map and complete the Muscles & Nervous Tissue part using pg 98. Muscle tissue • Function – muscle tissue contracts to move attached structures. • Three types of muscle tissue: – Skeletal muscle – Smooth muscle – Cardiac muscle Skeletal Muscle • • • • Attached to bones Fleshy part of our body Voluntary (conscious) action Cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate; obvious striations (stripes) Cardiac muscle • Found only in the heart • Involuntary control • A cross between skeletal and smooth muscle. • Has striations, but uninucleate and short Smooth muscle • Found in the walls of hollow organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels) • No striations visible, cells have pointed ends • Involuntary action • Peristalsis- slow wavelike motion that keeps food moving through small intestine Nervous Tissue • Function – control and communication. • Where is it found? – Brain – Spinal cord – Nerves • Neuron – basic cell type – Most complex cell in the body. • Neuroglial cells – supporting cells that bind together neurons. DRAWINGS: PGS 92-94 (a-h) Follow same drawing rules as before. 1. (a) Cross-sectional - ground bone 2. (b) Hyaline cartilage – trachea 3. (c) Fibrocartilage – intervertebral disc 4. (d) Dense fibrous connective tissue – tendon 5. (e) Areolar connective tissue 6. (f) Adipose tissue – layer beneath the skin 7. (g) Reticular connective tissue 8. (h) Human blood DRAWINGS: *use photomicrograph photo for drawing *Labels - use straight lines to the right of drawing *Title and magnification should be on top of all drawings *2 drawings per page (half page each drawing) *include where in the body tissue is found ex. lungs