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Viruses
“an intracellular, infectious parasite
capable of living and replicating only
in living cells”
Viruses
Readings question #1:
How do viruses replicate?
Readings question #2:
How can some viruses become inactivated?
Why? Give 1 example.
Dermatropic (Skin) Diseases
• Smallpox: vaccination ended in the 1970s
• Monkeypox:
• Measles:
Readings question #3: What is the virus
responsible for measles? What is the only
reservoir for this virus?
• MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)
Dermatropic Diseases (cont’d)
• German Measles:
• Readings question #4: what is the virus that is
responsible for this disease? How is it spread?
• Chickenpox and Shingles:
– Shingles rarely occurs in people under the age of
20
Reye’s Syndrome
• severe complication of chickenpox, influenze
and some other viral diseases
• persistent vomiting
• signs of brain dysfunction
• coma and death
• survivors: neurological damage
• children and teenagers
• aspirin
Dermatropic Diseases (cont’d)
• Herpes Simplex 1 and 2:
Readings question #5: What is caused by the
Herpes Simplex 1 virus and how is it
transmitted? What is caused by the Herpes
Simplex 2 virus and how is it transmitted?
Pneumotropic (URT) Diseases
• Influenza: strains are “antigenic shifts”
- vaccines are usually “multivalent”
- pandemic 1918-1919
- 2 new drugs: zanamivir (Relenza)
oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)
Pneumotropic Diseases (cont’d)
• Common Cold:
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS):
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):
Neurotropic (CNS) Diseases
• Rabies:
Readings question #6: Why is the immune
system unable to suppress the infection
caused by the rhabdovirus when it reaches
the central nervous system?
- not found in squirrels, rabbits, rats, or mice
Neurotropic Diseases (cont’d)
• Poliomyelitis:
• Readings question #7: Describe the path of
the poliovirus once it is ingested.
• Viral Encephalitis:
• West Nile Virus: 1999 New York City
Viscerotropic (Visceral) Diseases
• Hepatitis:
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Hepatitis B (HBV)
• Readings question #8: According to OSHA’s
Blood-borne Pathogen Rule, what are the
rights of funeral home employees regarding
the HBV vaccine?
Hepatitis C (HCV):
“silent epidemic”
Viscerotropic Disease (cont’d)
• Infectious Mononucleosis:
• Cytomegalovirus: “inclusion bodies”
• Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps)
Immunological Disease
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Readings question #9: What is the major
threat to embalmers when embalming AIDS
victims? What can the embalmer do to
protect him/herself?