* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Infectious Diseases
Herpes simplex virus wikipedia , lookup
Trichinosis wikipedia , lookup
Typhoid fever wikipedia , lookup
Brucellosis wikipedia , lookup
Cross-species transmission wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Chagas disease wikipedia , lookup
Onchocerciasis wikipedia , lookup
Foodborne illness wikipedia , lookup
Eradication of infectious diseases wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Orthohantavirus wikipedia , lookup
Rocky Mountain spotted fever wikipedia , lookup
Traveler's diarrhea wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Visceral leishmaniasis wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis C wikipedia , lookup
Gastroenteritis wikipedia , lookup
Hospital-acquired infection wikipedia , lookup
African trypanosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Coccidioidomycosis wikipedia , lookup
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Neglected tropical diseases wikipedia , lookup
Sexually transmitted infection wikipedia , lookup
Infectious Diseases © Lisa Michalek Pathogens • Disease causing agents that have the ability to make you sick or even cause death • They are found in the air and food and on nearly every object or person who you come in contact with Uncontrollable Risk Factors • Heredity – Chromosomal traits and family history • Aging – Vulnerability increases with age • Environmental Conditions – Unsanitary conditions, drugs, chemicals, and pollutants • Organism Resistance – Some pathogens are resistant to our body’s defenses and/or medical treatments Controllable Risk Factors • • • • • • • Stress Nutrition Physical fitness level Sleep Drug use Hygiene High-risk behaviors Routes of Pathogen Transmission • Direct Contact – Touching, kissing, sexual relations • Indirect Contact – Touching an object that an infected person has had contact with • Airborne Contact – Breathing in air that carries a pathogen • Food-borne infection – Eating something that is contaminated by microorganisms Routes of Pathogen Transmission • Animal-borne pathogens – Animals can spread diseases through bites, feces, or by carrying infected insects into living areas • Water-borne diseases – Transmitted from drinking water, from foods washed or sprayed with contaminated water, or from wading or swimming in contaminated streams, lakes or reservoirs • Perinatally – Mothers can transmit diseases to an infant in the womb or as the baby passes through the vagina during birth Bacteria • Single-celled organisms • There are several thousands of species, but only about 100 cause diseases in humans • Most of the time it is not the bacteria that is causing the diseases, but it is the toxins that are produced by the bacteria • They can be seen under a standard microscope Bacterial Diseases • Staphylococcal Infections – These bacteria are normally on our skin at all times and usually do not cause problems – When a cut or break in the skin occurs, the bacteria may enter and cause an infection – Acne, boils, styes (eyelid infections), wounds are common staph infections Bacterial Diseases • Streptococcal Infections – Causes strep throat and scarlet fever • Pneumonia – One form is caused by a bacterial infection with the following symptoms: chronic cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, fluid accumulation and eventual respiratory failure Bacterial Diseases • Legionnaire’s Disease – A water-borne disease with symptoms similar to those of pneumonia • Tuberculosis (TB) – An airborne disease where bacteria infiltrate the lungs and cause a chronic inflammatory reaction – Symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and spitting up blood Viruses • Minute (very tiny) parasitic microbes that live inside another cell • Over 150 viruses are known to cause diseases in humans • Viral diseases are hard to treat because many can withstand heat, chemicals and large doses of radiation with little effect on their structure Viral Diseases • The Common Cold – There may be over 200 different viruses responsible – Carried into the nose and throat most of the time – Stress, allergies, and menstrual cycles appear to increase susceptibility Viral Diseases • Influenza (flu) – Symptoms include aches and pains, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and cold like ailments – In healthy people, it is usually not serious – However, when combined with other disorders, among the elderly, those with respiratory or heart disease, children under 5 the flu can be very serious Viral Diseases • Mononucleosis (mono or the kissing disease) – Symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, nausea, chills, weakness or tiredness, lymph nodes may swell, jaundice (yellow skin), spleen enlargement, aching joints, and body rashes may occur – May be transmitted through body fluids but does not appear to be easily contracted through normal, everyday contact Viral Diseases • Hepatitis – Causes inflammation of the liver – Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, skin rashes, pain in the upper right abdomen, dark yellow urine, and jaundice Viral Diseases – Hepatitis A (HAV) • Contracted from eating food or drinking water contaminated with human feces – Hepatitis B (HBV) • Spread through body fluids, usually during unprotected sex • Can lead to liver disease or liver cancer – Hepatitis C (HBC) • Some cases can be traced from people who share needles, blood transfusions or organ transplants • Usually causes chronic infections and if not treated may cause cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, or liver failure Viral Diseases • Measles – Symptoms appear about 10 days after exposure and include an itchy rash and a high fever and may lead to other problems such as rheumatic heart disease, kidney damage and neurological disorders Other Pathogens • Fungi – Multicellular or unicellular primitive plants that inhabit our environment – Many are useful providing food such as mushrooms and cheeses – Some produce infections • • • • Candidiasis (vaginal) Athlete’s foot Ringworm Jock itch Other Pathogens • Protozoa – Microscopic, singlecelled organisms that can cause disease • Trichomoniasis – transmitted sexually • Giardiasis – found in water • Malaria – Via mosquitoes Other Pathogens • Parasitic Worms – Usually associated with eating raw fish – Cooking fish and other foods to high temperatures will kill the worms and their eggs to prevent infestation • Pinworms • Tapeworms The Immune System • Protects the body from potentially harmful substances • Any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response is an antigen • When invaded by an antigen, the body forms antibodies to destroy or weaken the antigen Vaccines • A vaccination consists of an injection of a dead or weakened form of a disease-causing microorganism. • This organism can no longer cause the disease, but can still stimulate antibody production by white blood cells. • This type of immunity lasts a long time.