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Cardiovascular System -made up of the heart and blood vessels I. Heart -four-chambered, like all mammals, birds, and some dinosaurs; reptiles have an incompletely four-chambered heart, amphibians have a three-chambered heart, and fish have a two-chambered heart -inferential evidence suggests that some dinosaur species, like Tyrannosaurus rex, were homeothermic Pulmonary circuit - eliminates Carbon dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the blood Systemic circuit - delivers oxygen to all body cells and carries away wastes 4. Oxygenated blood pumped to all body tissues via aorta 1. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via superior and inferior vena cavas 2. Deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs via pulmonary arteries 3. Oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins I. Heart Left Common carotid artery Brachiocephalic artery Left subclavian artery to lungs Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Right atrium Pulmonary (semilunar) valve Chordae tendineae Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Tricuspid valve Inferior vena cava Aorta Right ventricle to lungs Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery from lungs from lungs Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspid valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Left ventricle Aortic (semilunar) valve I. Heart A. Blood Supply -blood supplied to the heart muscle from the right and left coronary arteries, which open directly from the aorta near the aortic valve; deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the coronary veins Rx – Myocardial Infarction -heart attack, leading killer of men and women in the U.S., 500,000 annually -death of heart muscle due to blockage of a coronary artery by an embolus, usually a blood clot -death of heart muscle throws heart into arrhythmia, which is the cause of death from heart attack -treated with angioplasty, coronary by-pass surgery, installation of a pacemaker, bloodthinning drugs and anticoagulants I. Heart B. Heart Sounds -created by the simultaneous clapping together of valves -first, lower-pitched softer sound “lubb” created by simultaneous closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves to prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract “lubb” -second, higher-pitched louder sound “dupp” created by simultaneous closing of the two “dupp” semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles when ventricles relax Rx – Heart Murmur -extra abnormal heart sound, “gurgle” created by the backflow of blood through a misshapen heart valve I. Heart C. Cardiac Conduction System -network of specialized muscle tissue in which cells contain few myobrils, specialized to initiate and distribute impulses instead of contract -S-A (sinoatrial) note, or pacemaker node, lies in wall of right atrium and S-A node A-V node initiates impulses, which, after causing atria to contract, are conducted to the A-V (atrioventricular node) -A-V node conducts impulses to the A-V bundle and then to the Purkinje fibers, which stimulate muscle fibers in A-V bundle ventricular walls to contract -papillary muscles anchor cusps of atrioventricular valves by chordae Purkinje fibers tendineae to prevent backflow II. Blood Vessels A. Arteries and Arterioles -strong, elastic vessels with smooth muscle walls which carry blood away from the heart under pressure -smooth muscle vasoconstriction increases blood pressure and smooth muscle vasodilation decreases blood pressure 1. Blood Pressure -pressure exerted on the walls of the of the systemic arteries -pulse due to expanding of elastic arteries 120 mm Hg during the contraction of the ventricles, 80 mm Hg can be felt at superficial pulse points a. Systolic pressure -blood pressure when ventricles are Not normal, but average, contracted blood pressure b. Diastolic pressure -blood pressure when ventricles are relaxed II. Blood Vessels A. Arteries and Arterioles Rx – Atherosclerosis -deposits of cholesterol and saturated fats form plaques within the arteries, restricting blood flow and initiating formation of blood clots -increases risk of heart attack, high blood pressure and heart disease, and aneurysm, a weakening of the arterial wall which may rupture B. Capillaries -smallest blood vessels; walls only one squamous epithelial cell thick, lie between arterioles and venules -diameter only one red blood cell wide, RBC’s must proceed in slowly in single file -thin walls and slow speed allow for exchange of lipid-soluble gases through the cell membranes and lipid-insoluble water and ions through slitlike openings in the capillary walls II. Blood Vessels C. Veins and Venules -carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart -have thinner walls, larger lumens, contain most of the blood in the body -blood is not under pressure, only moves along because of the blood arriving behind it which pushes it along -contain valves which prevent backflow, only allow blood to flow toward heart Rx – Varicose Veins -veins, especially in legs, become stretched and flattened from prolonged increased back pressure due to standing or sitting with legs crossed -valves no longer fit the stretched out veins, cannot prevent backflow of blood, and blood pools in legs and feet especially, creating pain and swelling -treated by destruction or surgical removal of veins Rx – Hypertension -high blood pressure -caused by arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, in which arterial walls lose elasticity and vessel lumens narrow -caused by kidney diseases that result in reduced blood flow to kidney cells, which release enzyme renin that leads to the production of the vasoconstrictor angiotension II, which constricts peripheral arteries -caused by high sodium intake, stress, and obesity -leads to left ventricle having to work too hard, myocardium becomes enlarged, coronary blood vessels can’t support overgrowth, heart muscle dies and is replaced with scar tissue until the enlarged and weakened heart dies -treated with exercise, weight control, diet low in sodium, reducing stress, and drugs like diuretics, which increase urinary excretion of water and Na+