Download HEALTH POWERPOINT

Circulatory System
Structure and Function
The Heart
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Four Chambers
-
Right Atrium- deoxygenated
blood enters the
heart through here
- Left Atrium- oxygenated blood enters the heart through here
- Right Ventricle- deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs
through here
- Left Ventricle- oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of
the
body through here
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Attached to the heart are the main arteries and
veins
Valves between the chambers keep blood from
flowing the wrong way
The Heart
Arrows show
the direction
of bloodflow
Remember: Diagrams of the heart are
made as if they are facing you. Its left
is your right and vice versa.
Vessels
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There are three main types of vessels
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart and then away from the heart
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart where it
is pumped to the lungs to get more oxygen
- Capillaries supply blood to tissues and remove waste
from them by allowing blood to pass through their
walls
Vessels
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Other types of vessels are:
•
•
Arterioles are small branches of arteries that
lead to capillaries. They expand and contract
to control blood flow
Venules drain blood from capillaries into veins
so it can be taken to the heart
Vessels
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Important vessels are:
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The aorta- the main artery which all others
branch off of
The inferior vena cava and superior vena cavathe veins by which deoxygenated blood enters
the heart
The pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood travels
from the lungs to the heart and empties into the
left atrium
The pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood flows
from the right ventricle to the lungs where it gets
more oxygen
Vessels
Red=arteries
Blue=veins
Blood
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Composition
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55% plasma
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About 90% water
45% other
Red Blood Cells
 White Blood Cells
 Plateletes
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Blood
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Functions
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Transportation of nutrients, blood cells, and
waste
Control pH- blood has to remain at a pH of
6.8-7.4, otherwise cells can be damaged
Control body temperature
Remove toxins from the body- blood delivers
waste to the kidneys, which clean it and get
rid of the waste by urine or sweat
Regulate electrolyte levels
Blood
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Cell specific functions
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Red Blood Cells contain hemoglobin, which
binds to oxygen to transport it
White Blood Cells help the immune system
Platelets clot to close wounds
Red Blood Cells
Blood
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Disease and Disorders of the
Circulatory System
High Blood Pressure/
Hypertension
Leukemia
Anemia
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
High Blood Pressure/
Hypertension
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Condition where the blood
pressure in the arteries is
increased.
If pressure in arteries is too
high, the heart was to work
harder to pump blood.
Can lead to organ damage,
heart attack, stroke, heart
failure or aneurysms.
Classified as essential or
secondary.
Essential - High blood
pressure where the cause is
unknown.
Secondary - High blood
pressure with a known
cause.
High Blood Pressure/
Hypertension
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Causes - Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes,
Insufficient calcium, potassium, and
magnesium consumption, Vitamin D
deficiency, Stress, Aging, Genetics, or Chronic
kidney disease.
Symptoms - severe headaches, Fatigue,
Dizziness, Nausea, Problems with vision,
Chest pains, Breathing problems, Irregular
heartbeat, or Blood in the urine.
Hypertension can be treated with medication,
eating healthy and exercise.
Leukemia
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Cancer of the blood.
Abnormal production of
blood cells, generally white
blood cells in bone marrow
DNA of new cells are
damaged and duplicate very
rapidly.
Abnormal blood cells
accumulate and occupy
more and more space.
The space that the
abnormal cells take up
results in less space for the
normal cells.
Abnormal cells create the
cancer.
Leukemia
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Leukemia can be genetic or can come from
HIV, exposure to the chemical Benzene, or
poor diet.
Treatments include Radiotherapy, Bone
marrow transplantation and Chemotherapy.
Some symptoms of Leukemia are poor blood
clotting, affected immune system, anemia,
nausea, fever, chills, night sweats, flu-like
symptoms, tiredness, and headache.
Anemia
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When the number of red
blood cells or hemoglobin
is low.
Hemoglobin - protein
inside the red blood cells
that transports oxygen.
Can be diagnosed by
blood tests or physical
examinations.
Condition can be related
to diet, medications,
family history and
medical history.
Anemia
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People with Anemia may experience
complications such as Pregnancy
complications, increased susceptibility to
illness and infection, heart problems and
nerve damage.
Some symptoms of Leukemia are poor
blood clotting, affected immune system,
nausea, fever, chills, night sweats, flu-like
symptoms, tiredness, and headache.
Thrombosis
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Blood clot in a blood
vessel.
Two types: Deep vein
thrombosis and Arterial
thrombosis.
Deep vein thrombosis is a
blood clot in a deep vein
such as the thigh or calf.
Arterial Thrombosis is
Thrombosis in the
arteries, commonly in the
heart.
Can be very painful and
can lead to serious
complications.
Thrombosis
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Symptoms: Swelling in one or both legs, pain
in one or both legs, warmth in the skin of the
affected leg, red or discolored skin in the
affected leg, visible surface veins and leg
fatigue.
Causes: Sitting or standing in one place for
too long, Slowed blood flow from surgery or
inactivity, damage to the blood vessels, and
changes in blood from cancer or inherited
factors that can cause the blood to clot more
easily.
Atherosclerosis
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A disease of the arterial wall
where the layer thickens,
narrowing the channel of blood
flow.
Can occur anywhere in the body,
but is most fatal when it happens
in the heart, brain or blood
vessels leading to the brain.
Narrowing is caused by the
formation of plaques in the inner
lining of the arteries.
Plaques can be lipoproteins,
decaying muscle cells, tissue,
clumps of blood platelets,
cholesterol, or calcium.
Found most often in people with
high cholesterol.
Causes: Hypertension, smoking,
diabetes, obesity, high
cholesterol, and a family history
of heart disease.
Circulatory System
Sudden Illnesses
Wesley Fan
Heart Attack: What Is it?
The heart requires a constant supply of oxygenized blood.
The coronary arteries provide the heart with this critical
blood supply and if you have coronary artery disease,
those arteries become narrow and slows down blood flow.
Cells like fatty matter, calcium, proteins, and inflammatory,
build up within the arteries to form plaques.
When the plaque is hard, the outer shell cracks (plaque
rupture), platelets (disc-shaped particles in the blood that
aid clotting) come to the area, and blood clots form
around the plaque. If a blood clot totally blocks the artery,
the heart muscle does not receive any oxygen. Soon
enough, cells in the heart start to die, causing permanent
damage. This is a heart attack.
Heart Attack: What Is it? (continued)
A less common from of a heart attack is when coronary artery
spasms. During a coronary spasm, the coronary arteries restrict or
spasm on and off, reducing blood supply to the heart muscle
(ischemia). It can even occur in people without significant coronary
artery disease.
Each coronary artery supplies blood to a region of heart muscle. The
amount of damage to the heart muscle depends on the size of the
area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between injury and
treatment.
Healing of the heart muscle begins soon after a heart attack and takes
about eight weeks. Just like a skin wound, the heart's wound heals
and a scar will form in the damaged area. But, the new scar tissue
does not contract. So, the heart's pumping ability is lessened after a
heart attack. The amount of lost pumping ability depends on the size
and location of the scar.
Heart Attack: Symptoms
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Discomfort, pressure, heaviness, or pain in the chest, arm, or
below the breastbone
Discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, or arm
Fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may feel like
heartburn)
Sweating, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness
Extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath
Rapid or irregular heartbeats
During a heart attack, symptoms last 30 minutes or longer
and are not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin under the tongue.
Some people have a heart attack without having any
symptoms (a "silent" myocardial infarction). A silent MI can
occur in any person, though it is more common among
diabetics.
Heart Attack: Response
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Quick, immediate treatment to open the blocked artery is essential
to lessen the amount of damage.
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Call for emergency treatment (usually 911).
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Best to treat a heart attack within 1-2 hours of symptoms.
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If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clotbusting drug called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can reduce
long-term disabilities
Waiting longer increases the damage to your heart and reduces your chance
of survival.
Keep in mind that chest discomfort can be described many ways. It can occur
in the chest or in the arms, back, or jaw. If you have symptoms, take notice.
These are your heart disease warning signs. Seek medical care immediately.
Stroke
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Stroke: What Happens
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There are 2 types of strokes:
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Ischemic – When a part of the brain does not receive enough
oxygenized blood usually caused by clotting in an artery of the brain
Hemorrhagic – When an artery ruptures causing bleeding in the brain
After about 4 minutes without blood and oxygen, brain cells become
damaged and may die.
The body tries to restore blood and oxygen to the cells by enlarging
other blood vessels (arteries) near the area.
If blood supply is not restored, permanent brain damage usually
occurs.
When brain cells are damaged or die, the body parts controlled by
those cells cannot function. The loss of function may be mild or
severe and temporary or permanent. This depends on where and
how much of the brain is damaged and how fast the blood supply
can be returned to the affected cells.
Stroke:Symptoms
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Sudden numbness, paralysis, or weakness in your face, arm, or leg,
especially on only one side of your body.
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Problems with walking or balance.
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Sudden vision changes.
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Drooling or slurred speech.
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New problems speaking or understanding simple statements, or
feeling confused.
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A sudden, severe headache that is different from past headaches.
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Symptoms vary depending on whether the stroke is caused by a clot or
bleeding. The location of the blood clot or bleeding and the extent of brain
damage can also affect symptoms.
Strokes : Symptoms (continued)
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Symptoms of an ischemic stroke (caused by a clot blocking a blood vessel)
usually occur in the side of the body opposite from the side of the brain where the
clot occurred. For example, a stroke in the right side of the brain affects the left side
of the body.
Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding in the brain) can be
similar to those of an ischemic stroke but may be distinguished by symptoms relating
to higher pressure in the brain, including severe headache, nausea and vomiting,
neck stiffness, dizziness, seizures, irritability, confusion, and possibly
unconsciousness.
Symptoms of a stroke may progress over minutes, hours, or days, often in a stepwise
fashion.
If a stroke is caused by a large blood clot (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic
stroke), symptoms occur suddenly, within seconds.
When an artery that is narrowed by atherosclerosis becomes blocked, stroke
symptoms usually develop gradually over minutes to hours, or (in rare cases) days.
If several smaller strokes occur over time, the person may have a more gradual
change in walking, balance, thinking, or behavior (multi-infant dementia).
It is not always easy for people to recognize symptoms of a small stroke. They may
mistakenly think the symptoms can be attributed to aging, or the symptoms may be
confused with those of other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
Stroke: Response
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Call 911 or other
emergency services
immediately if any of the
symptoms are adamant
If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a
clot-busting drug called tissue plasminogen activator
(tPA) can reduce long-term disability for the most
common type of stroke.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest: What happens
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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused
by loss of heart function (sudden cardiac arrest). It is the largest
cause of natural death in the U.S., causing about 325,000 adult
deaths in the United States each year. SCD is responsible for half of
all heart disease deaths.
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the electrical system to the heart
malfunctions and suddenly becomes very irregular. The heart beats
dangerously fast. The ventricles may flutter or quiver (ventricular
fibrillation), and blood is not delivered to the body.
In the first few minutes, the greatest concern is that blood flow to
the brain will be reduced so drastically that a person will lose
consciousness. Death follows unless emergency treatment is begun
immediately.
SDA: Symptoms
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Racing heartbeat
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Dizziness
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No Response
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Lack of Breathing
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Loses Consciousness
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No Pulse
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No Blood Pressure
In over half of the
cases, however,
sudden cardiac
arrest occurs
without prior
symptoms.
SDA : Response
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Dial 911 Immediately
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Commence CPR
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Obtain an automated external defibrillator (AED)
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The rate of survivability is decreases by about 10% each
minute longer it takes to initiate emergency care
Prevention: General
Quitting smoking
Losing weight
Exercising regularly
Following a low-fat diet
Avoid Illegal Drugs
Managing diabetes
Less Alcohol Intake
Managing other health conditions including high blood pressure and
cholesterol
Prevention: Limiting Risk Factors
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Treatment for people with:
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Arrhythmia – irregular heart beat
Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries
Carotid Artery Stenting – Procedure to open blocked
arteries in the heart
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) - a small
machine similar to a pacemaker that is designed to
correct arrhythmias. Shocks the heart when it detects a
very fast or slow heart rhythm to cause the heart to beat
in a normal rhythm again.
Prevention: Limiting Risk Factors
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Aspirin to prevent blood clotting that may
worsen the heart attack.
Other antiplatelets, such as Plavix, to
prevent blood clotting.
Thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") to
dissolve any blood clots in the heart's
arteries.
Any combination of the above