Download Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition

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Chapter 14
The Cardiovascular System
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Introduction
• Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and
blood vessels
• Cardiac muscle
– Makes up bulk of heart
– Provides force to pump blood
• Function: transports blood
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The Anatomy of the Heart
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Introduction
• Located in the mediastinum
• Surrounded by pericardial sac
– Fibrous pericardium: outer layer
– Serous pericardium: inner layer
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The Layers of the Heart Wall
• Epicardium: outermost layer
• Pericardial cavity: separates epicardium
and serous pericardium
• Myocardium: middle muscular layer
• Endocardium: lines the heart
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The Layers of the Heart Wall
(cont’d.)
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The Chambers of the Heart
•
•
•
•
Upper chambers: right and left atria
Lower chambers: right and left ventricles
Chambers separated internally by septum
External separations
– Coronary sulcus: separates atria and
ventricles
– Interventricular sulci: separate ventricles
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Chambers of
the Heart
(cont’d.)
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The Great Vessels of the Heart
• Superior vena cava
– Receives blood from upper body
• Inferior vena cava
– Receives blood from lower body
• Coronary sinus: drains blood from heart
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The Great Vessels of the Heart
(cont’d.)
• Pulmonary trunk: right and left artery
– Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
• Pulmonary veins (four): return oxygenated
blood to heart
• Ascending aorta: oxygenated blood out to
body
– Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal
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• Four
chambers
of the
heart and
great
vessels
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The Valves of the Heart
• Atrioventricular
– Tricuspid (three cusps)
• Between right atrium and right ventricle
– Bicuspid (two cusps)
• Between left atrium and right ventricle
– Cusps attach to ventricles by chordae
tendineae
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The Valves of the Heart (cont’d.)
• Semilunar
– Pulmonary
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary trunk exits the heart
– Aortic
• Left ventricle
• Ascending aorta leaves the heart
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
(cont’d.)
• Two atria contract while ventricles relax
• Two ventricles contract while atria relax
• Deoxygenated blood returns from body to
right atrium
• Sent to right ventricle, which pumps blood
to lungs
• Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
(cont’d.)
• Sent to left ventricle
• Left ventricle sends blood to the body via
the ascending aorta
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The Conduction System of the
Heart
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The Conduction System of the
Heart (cont’d.)
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker; initiates
impulse 
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse
to AV bundle
• Bundle of His: sends impulses to both
sides of system
• Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to
myocardial cells
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The Conduction System of the
Heart (cont’d.)
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Animation – The Heart
• See the conduction system at work in the
3-D Heart animation.
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A Cardiac Cycle
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A Cardiac Cycle (cont’d.)
• One cycle
– Atria contract / ventricles relax
– Ventricles contract / atria relax
• Systole: contraction phase
• Diastole: relaxation phase
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Some Major Blood Circulatory
Routes
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Some Major Blood Circulatory
Routes (cont’d.)
• Systemic circulation
– All blood leaving left ventricle (oxygenated)
– All blood returning to right atrium
(deoxygenated)
– Subdivisions
• Coronary circulation
• Hepatic portal circulation
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Some Major Blood Circulatory
Routes (cont’d.)
• Pulmonary: blood flow to lungs for gas
exchange
• Cerebral: route to the brain
• Fetal: between developing fetus and
mother
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Anatomy of Blood Vessels
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Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.)
• Arteries and veins have three layers
– Tunica intima: innermost layers
– Tunica media: middle layer
– Tunica adventitia: outer layer
• Lumen: blood vessel cavity
• Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels
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Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.)
• Arteries: thicker and stronger than veins
• Arterioles: small arteries attach to
capillaries
• Capillaries: gas nutrient and waste
exchange
• Venules: connect capillaries to veins
• Veins: less elastic than arteries, contain
valves
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Major Arteries and Veins of
the Body
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Ascending Aorta Branches
• Right and left coronary arteries branch off
and supply the heart
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Aortic Arch Branches
• 1st branch: brachiocephalic artery
– Right common carotid artery and right
subclavian artery
• 2nd branch: left common carotid artery
– Left internal carotid artery and left external
carotid artery
• 3rd branch: left subclavian artery
– Vertebral artery, axillary artery, brachial artery
and radial and ulnar arteries
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Thoracic Aorta Branches
•
•
•
•
10 pairs of intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal arteries
Phrenic arteries
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Abdominal Aorta Branches
•
•
•
•
•
•
Celiac trunk
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
Right and left renal arteries
Right and left gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries
Right and left common iliac artery
– Femoral artery
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Abdominal Aorta Branches (cont’d.)
• Veins
– Found closer to surface than arteries
– Converge with:
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
– Veins are often named identically to arteries
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Veins Merging into the Superior
Vena Cava
• Radial and ulnar veins form brachial vein
– Empties into axillary vein
•
•
•
•
•
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Subclavian vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein
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Veins Merging into the Superior
Vena Cava (cont’d.)
• Right and left brachiocephalic veins
• Azygos vein
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Veins Merging into the Inferior
Vena Cava
• Anterior and posterior tibial veins
• Peroneal vein
• Popliteal/femoral veins
– External iliac vein
• Great saphenous veins
• Right and left common iliac veins
• Right and left gonadal veins
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Veins Merging into the Inferior
Vena Cava (cont’d.)
• Right and left renal veins
• Hepatic portal vein
• Right and left hepatic veins
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Animation – Ventricular Fibrillation
• The following animation illustrates the
seriousness of an ineffective quivering
action of the ventricles of the heart, known
as ventricular fibrillation
[Insert VentricularFib.swf]
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Animation – Congestive Heart Failure
• Read about this condition in the Health
Alert box on Congestive Heart Failure
(CHF) in your textbook.
• Now watch the congestive heart failure
animation.
• [Insert CHF.swf]
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Summary
• Named the layers of the heart wall
• Named the chambers and valves of the
heart
• Described blood flow through the heart
• Described the conduction system of the
heart
• Discussed the stages of the cardiac cycle
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Summary (cont’d.)
• Compared the anatomy of a vein, artery
and capillary
• Named the major blood circulatory routes
and blood vessels
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