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Chapter 14
Circulation and
Blood Vessels
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Objectives
• Trace the path of cardiopulmonary circulation
• Name and describe the specialized circulatory
systems
• Trace the blood in fetal circulation
• List the types of blood vessels
• Identify the principal arteries and veins of the
body
• Describe some disorders of the blood vessels
• Define the key words that relate to this chapter
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Circulation
• Major circulatory systems
– Cardiopulmonary circulation
– Systemic circulation
• Specialized circulatory systems
– Coronary circulation
– Portal circulation
– Fetal circulation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
• Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for
oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns
to the heart.
• Review of blood flow through the heart and
lungs
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Systemic Circulation
• Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and
secretions
• Carries away waste products
• Helps equalize body temperature
• Aids in protecting the body from harmful
bacteria
• The aorta and its branches
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Coronary Circulation
• Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• Right and left branches of the coronary artery
• Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at
capillary level
• Deoxygenated blood returns through the
coronary veins to the coronary sinus
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Portal Circulation
• A branch of the general circulation
• Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small
intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood
into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the
liver
• Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose
concentration is kept within a relatively
narrow range
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Fetal Circulation
• Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)
• Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the
mother’s blood; not through their own lungs
and digestive systems
• The fetal blood does not mix with the
mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food
and waste is passed through the placenta
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Arteries
• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries)
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica adventitia or externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
• Aorta leads away from the heart and
branches into smaller arteries
• Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
• Arterioles give rise to the capillaries
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Capillaries
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Smallest blood vessels
Can only be seen through a microscope
Connect the arterioles and venules
Muscle and connective tissue disappear and
they become a simple endothelial cell layer
• Selective permeability
• Control of blood flow by precapillary
sphincters
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Veins
• Carry deoxygenated blood away from the
capillaries to the heart
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica externa, Tunica media, Tunica intima
• Walls much thinner than arteries
– Do not have to withstand as much pressure
• Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction
– Toward the heart
• Largest vein is the vena cavae
– Superior vena cava returns blood from upper part of body
– Inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower part of the body
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Venous Return
• Valves help keep venous blood moving
• Skeletal muscles contract to push venous
blood along its path
• Pressure changes occur when we breath
which helps bring venous blood back to the
heart
• Stationary positioning can decrease flow
back to the heart for oxygenation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Pressure
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Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Normal values
– Systolic pressure averages 120 mm/Hg
– Diastolic pressure averages 80 mm/Hg
– Normal range 95/60 to 120/80
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pulse
• Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on
the body
• Should be same as heart rate
• Can feel pulse on the body where the artery
is near the surface of the skin and over a bone
– These are called pulse points
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pulse Points
• 7 paired pulse points
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Brachial artery
Common carotid artery
Femoral artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Popliteal artery
Radial artery
Temporal artery
• Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding
distal to the pulse point
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Congenital Heart Defects
• Occur when there is a malformation of the
heart during fetal development
• Most common symptom
– Cyanosis
• Microscopic surgery
– Can correct many congenital heart defects
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
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Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Gangrene
Phlebitis or
thrombophlebitis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
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Embolism
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
Cerebral hemorrhage
Peripheral vascular
disease
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Hypertension
– Normal
– Less than 120/80
– Pre-hypertension
– 120-130/80-89
• Stage I hypertension
– 140-159/90-99
• Stage II hypertension
– 160 and above/100
and above
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
• White coat hypertension
• Hypotension
• Transient ischemic
attacks (TIAs)
• Cerebral vascular
accident (CVA)
Hypoperfusion
• Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to
the organs and body systems
• Hypoperfused tissue will stop working
properly
• Hypoperfusion leads to shock
– Body attempts to compensate for hypoperfusion by
increasing respiratory rate, increasing the heart rate or
sacrificing organs to protect blood flow to the brain
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning