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L3 Sport Units 1 & 2: Anatomy & Physiology Introduction Identify key terms associated with the cardiovascular system Components of the Cardiovascular System The main components of the cardiovascular system are… • The Heart • Blood Vessels • Blood The Cardiovascular System TASK Draw your own diagram of the CV system The Heart A specialised organ consisting of four chambers ‘double pump’ It works involuntary through nervous control E F A B Right Side Left Side C G D H Aortic Valve Opening of the Coronary Artery Aorta Opening of the Pulmonary Veins Right Pulmonary Arteries Superior Vena Cava Left Pulmonary Arteries Right Pulmonary Veins Semi-Lunar Pulmonary Valve Left Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Right Atrium Opening of the Coronary Vein Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve) Tricuspid Valve Entry of Aorta Sino-atrial Node Inferior Vena Cava Left Ventricle Right Venticle Interventricular Septum The Heart Wall • Epicardium – is the thin transparent membrane • Myocardium – is the thick muscular wall • Endocardium – is the inner lining of the Heart The Heart & Blood Flow • The right atria receives de-oxygenated blood from the body • The right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs • The left atria receives oxygenated blood from the lungs • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated to the body Create a flow diagram showing the direction of blood flow around the cardiovascular and circulatory system The Heart TASK – Define the following key terms associated with the heart and give ‘normal’ resting values for each (including units!) Heart rate (HR) Stroke Volume (SV) Cardiac Output (Q) Q = HR x SV Blood Pressure • Blood travels through the CV system under pressure • We can measure blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer • Normal resting value is 120/80 mmHg • Systolic pressure – is the pressure exerted by the blood during ventricular contraction • Diastolic pressure – is the pressure exerted by the blood during ventricular relaxation • High / low bp? Blood Vessels Capillaries Arteries Veins The Cardiovascular System TASK – discuss and answer the following 1. What do arteries do? 2. What do veins do? 3. Are there any differences between these vessels? 4. What do oxygenated and de-oxygenated mean? 5. What is gas exchange and where does it happen? Blood Vessels 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Blood carrying vessels include: Arteries Arterioles Veins Venules Capillaries Q. What are the differences between these vessels? Arteries • Arteries are large blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart • Arteries transport blood at high pressure, as a consequence arteries need to be strong so they have a thick muscular wall • They have 3 layers – inner membrane, smooth muscle, outer member *Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood… what is the exception? Arterioles • • • • Arteries split into arterioles Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries They carry blood at a fairly high pressure They have 3 layers – inner membrane, smooth muscle, outer member Veins • Veins carry blood to the heart • Veins carry blood at a low pressure therefore their walls do not need as much muscle • They have 3 layers – inner membrane, smooth muscle, outer member • They have valves to prevent backflow Venules • Capillaries join to form venules • Venules join to form veins • They have 3 layers – inner membrane, smooth muscle, outer member • They do not have valves Capillaries • Capillaries are the blood vessels that enter a tissue • Diffusion takes place between the blood and body through the walls of the capillaries • In order to allow this to happen capillaries have very thin walls (approximately one cell thick) • GAS EXCHANGE Blood Vessels Artery Vein Capillary Vasoconstriction / vasodilation? ARTERIES ARTERIOLES 3 Layers Middle Layer Thick & Elastic 3 Layers Smaller than Atreries, More Smooth Muscle No Valves CAPILLARIES VENULES VEINS 1 Layer 3 Layers Thin Muscular Middle Layer 3 Layers Thinner Middle Layer Thicker Outer Layer No Valves No Valves No Valves Pocket Valves High Pressure High Pressure Pressure Changes Low Pressure Low Pressure Carries Blood Away From Heart Controls Blood Flow & Pressure Gaseous Exchange Carries Blood Towards Heart Carries Blood Towards Heart Arteries Structure Pressure Function Image Arterioles Veins Venules Capillaries Q. What are the roles of the cardiovascular system??? Discuss and feedback your ideas Functions of the CV System 1. Delivery • Of oxygen and nutrients e.g. glucose • To the tissues e.g. muscle, brain • Explain how… • Explain why… • Problems e.g. anaemia Functions of the CV System 2. Removal • Of waste e.g. carbon dioxide, lactic acid • Explain how… • Explain why… • Problems e.g. fatigue during exercise Functions of the CV System 3. Thermoregulation • Controlling body temperature • Explain how… vasodilation / vasoconstriction • Explain why… • Problems e.g. heat exhaustion Blood • Plasma (approx 55%) • Red blood cells (approx 45%) • White blood cell • Platelets • Glucose, fat, proteins Functions of Blood 1. Oxygen transport • Describe the response • Explain how… haemoglobin • Explain why… • Problems e.g. anaemia, sickle cell anaemia Functions of Blood 2. Blood Clotting • Describe the response • Explain how… platelets • Explain why… • Problems e.g. haemophilia Functions of Blood 3. Fighting infection • Describe the response • Explain how… the immune system • Explain why… • Problems e.g. HIV virus Q. What are the short and long term responses of the cardiovascular system to exercise? Discuss and feedback your ideas CV Responses to Exercise Short-term: • Anticipatory rise • Increased heart rate and cardiac output • Increased / redistribution of blood flow •Increased blood pressure • Thermoregulation Q. Why do these changes occur? Heart Rate Heart rate Heart rate Exercise intensity Exercise duration Constant intensity Stroke Volume Constant intensity Stroke volume Stroke volume Exercise intensity Exercise duration Increased venous return – increased stroke volume – ‘Starling’s Law’ Regulation of HR - Venous Return VENOUS RETURN is the volume of blood returning to the heart, this is affected by: MUSCLE PUMP • contraction of skeletal muscle exerts pressure on veins forcing blood to flow towards the heart • backflow is prevented by pocket valves RESPIRATORY PUMP • during inspiration, pressure in thoracic cavity decreases • pressure in abdominal cavity increases • blood moves up from compressed high pressure (in abdomen) to low pressure (in thorax) • during expiration, pocket valves prevent backflow of blood into abdomen Blood Flow During exercise there is an increased demand for O2 and nutrients by the muscles to make ATP aerobically Vasoconstriction and vasodilation redistribute blood flow, increasing the amount going to the muscles ‘blood shunting’ Thermoregulation Q. What is thermoregulation? Q. Why is it important? Q. What changes are there during exercise and why? CV Responses to Short-term Exercise DEPENDS ON THE INTENSITY, DURATION AND TYPE OF EXERCISE YOU SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER THE TRAINING STATUS OF THE INDIVIDUAL! The Long Term Effects of Exercise on the CV System • • • • • • • • • Cardiac Hypertrophy – Increased wall thickness Stroke Volume Increase Cardiac Output Increase Increased Capillarisation Increased Haemoglobin Increased Blood plasma volume What are the Decreased resting BP consequences? How do these Quicker recovery responses benefit performance? Better aerobic fitness