Download Homeostasis, Levels of Organization of Living Things, Skeletal

Name _____________________________________
Date____________
Study Guide: Human Body Test Study Guide: Friday May 6, 2016-KEY
Will Cover: Homeostasis, Skeletal, Muscular, Respiratory, and Circulatory, and a sample of Digestive Systems
Materials to study: levels of organization notes, bone notes, bone lab, muscle notes, VLC lab, HW readings, resp sys
notes, circulatory sys notes, digestive sys notes, textbook, directed reading questions, vocabulary
Format is: multiple choice questions, fill in, short answer
Homeostasis
1. What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in a cell or a living organism. It is how our
body reacts to changes in our external environment to try to keep our body working the same
2. Levels of Organization (cellstissuesorgansorgan systemsliving organism)
3. Skeletal System : Explain each of the 5 jobs of the skeleton system?
1. Protects organs (ribs protect heart and lungs, skull protects brain, vertebrae protect spinal cord)
2. Bones store minerals such as calcium, potassium and iron
3. Allow movement of body, and supports shape of body (muscles pull on bones to move)
4. Blood cell formation (in red marrow)
5. Supports and Shapes body
4. What is a joint
-a place where two or more bones meet. A joint allows little or no
movement like your skull. Others allow lots of movement like your
shoulder
5. What cushions the ends of bones?
-Cartilage cushions the ends of bones to prevent bones from rubbing one
another. It is located at the end of bones and between joints. Cartilage
is what most of our bones were originally made of before they hardened
to become bone.
6. Label each of the bones in the skeleton:
7. Label each type of joint in the skeleton:
8. Match the 5 kinds of joints with their appropriate function
1. ____d____ Pivot
a. Allows little to no movement
2. ___a____ _fixed
b. Glides, allows flexibility
3. ____e____ ball and socket
c. Allows up and down, side to side, open/close movement
4. ____b____ gliding
d. Rotates in circular motion
5. ____c_____ Hinge
e. 360° turns, full movement; allows for greatest motion
9.Type of Connective
Tissue
Ligament
Tendon
Function
Location
Strong elastic band of connective tissue
Connect bone to bone in a joint
Strong elastic band of connective tissue
Connect muscles to bones
Between bones
10.Type of Bone Tissue
Spongy
Function
Provides strength and support for bones.
Compact
Provides hard outer layer to protect bone.
Between muscle and bone
Muscular System
10. What are flexor and extensor muscles?
Flexor-skeletal muscle that contract to BEND a joint (biceps, hamstrings)
Extensor-skeletal muscle that contracts to STRAIGHTEN a limb or body part (triceps, quadriceps)
11. Identify the muscles in your arm that allow it to bend and straighten?
Biceps-bend and Triceps-straighten
12. Identify the 3 kinds of muscle, voluntary or involuntary, and their location in the body.
Type of Muscle: Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Voluntary or
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
Location
Attached to all bones
Heart only
Blood vessels and
digestive organs
Respiratory System
13. What is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration?
-Respiration is the process of the organs in the respiratory system taking in oxygen for our cells, and the removal
of carbon dioxide that is the waste product from cells. Cellular respiration is when the our body cell uses oxygen
to break down glucose and release energy (ATP) within the mitochondria of the cell.
14. List the pathway of oxygen as it travels through the respiratory system on its way to your blood.
Nasal Passage  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchiole Tubes  Alveoli  Capillaries of Lungs
15. What happens to oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli? _____diffusion_____________________
16. Which muscle controls how you breathe in and out? How does it work?
-Contraction of the diaphragm causes inhalation; relaxation of the diaphragm causes exhalation.
17. Match the following terms to their correct definition.
_e____. Process of using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water
a. breathing
__a___. Inhalation and exhalation
b. larynx
_b____. Area of the throat that contains the vocal chords
c. nose
_f____. Group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
d. pharynx
__c___. Main passage into and out of the respiratory system
e. respiration
__d__. Throat
f. respiratory system
__J_ _. Use of oxygen by cells to release energy stored in food
g. alveoli
_k____. Tube guarded by the larynx, carries oxygen to the lungs
h. bronchioles
_i____. Tube that connects the trachea to the lungs
i. bronchus/bronchi
_h____. Smaller branches of the bronchi in the lungs
j. cellular respiration
_g____. Tiny sacs at the ends of the bronchi
k. trachea
Circulatory System
18. List and explain the 5 jobs of the circulatory system (2 points each)
1. Blood carries food, water, and oxygen to all of the cells in the body.
2. Blood removes waste from all of the cells of the body.
3. Blood helps to maintain our body temperature.
4. White blood cells in blood helps to fight against disease.
5. Blood carries chemicals to different parts of the body.
19. How are the circulatory system and respiratory system connected? (Hint: think about oxygen)
-The systems are connected because oxygen enters the body through the nose and is transported through the
respiratory system to the alveoli of the lungs and diffuses into capillaries and into our blood stream (entering
the circulatory system). The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the arteries which carry the oxygen to
capillaries throughout the body and oxygen diffuses into our body’s cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of our
body’s cells and enters our bloodstream at the various capillaries in our body. Veins transport the waste back
to our heart which pumps it to the capillaries in the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses back into the
respiratory system and travels back up out of our body
20. What makes pulmonary circulation different from systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation is the blood that the heart pumps to the lungs. Blood leaving the heart is carrying carbon
dioxide to the lungs to be traded out for oxygen. Blood going back to the heart in the pulmonary vein carries
oxygen to the heart. Systemic circulation is blood the heart pumps to all of the cells in every organ system. The
blood pumped out the arteries carries oxygen and blood pumped back to the heart carries carbon dioxide from
the cells.
21. Match the components of blood with their function
1. ___d____ Platelets
a. contains hemoglobin to transport oxygen to cells
2. __a_____ Red Blood cells
b. Part of the body’s immune system; destroys pathogens
3. ____b___ White blood cells
c. carries digested food and waste throughout the body
4. ___c_____ Plasma
d. Creates blood clots using chemical fibrin to stop bleeding.
22. Type of Blood Vessel
Direction of Flow
Artery
Away from Heart
Vein
Towards Heart
Capillary
Connects arteries to veins
Carries oxygen or carbon
dioxide
Oxygen (except
pulmonary)
Carbon dioxide (except
pulmonary)
Function
To carry oxygen to all the
parts of our body
To carry carbon dioxide
waste from our body cells
to our heart and then the
lungs
Both (enters with oxygen,
leaves with carbon
dioxide) Location of
diffusion
Site of diffusion of oxygen
into our body cells, and
the pickup of carbon
dioxide from our body
cells.
Diagrams:
23. Label the 4 Chambers of the Heart on the Diagram below and draw arrows to show the pathway of O₂ and CO₂.
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
.=
Digestive System
24. What is happening during digestion? (why do we need to digest food?)
-During digestion food is being broken down into nutrients. The food has to first be broken down into smaller
pieces mechanically, and then chemically broken down into carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The food has to be
smaller so that the body can continue to break it down to get the nutrients it needs from food (fats, proteins,
carbohydrates)
25. What are the two kinds of digestion and how do they differ from one another?
Chemical Digestion
The break down of food into molecules using chemicals
such as enzymes to change the food into nutrients body can
use.(a change in the food)
Happens in the mouth, stomach, and small intestines.
Mechanical Digstion
The physical break down of food into smaller pieces by an
applied force such as chewing or squeezing.
Happens in the mouth and stomach.
26. What is the pathway of food through the digestive system?
Mouth pharynx  esophagus  stomach  small intestines  large intestines  rectum  anus
27. What is the function of the stomach?
The stomach is an organ made of smooth muscle tissue which can contract and relax. The stomach has
a mucous lining to protect the muscle from acids in the stomach. The stomach contracts to break food
into smaller pieces which increases surface area so it can digest faster. The stomach also contains acids
to help chemically break down food.
28. What is the function of bile?
Bile is an acidic liquid produced by the liver and stored by the gallbladder. The gallbladder releases bile into the
small intestine to break down fats.
29. What are villi and why are they so important?
Finger-like projections in the lining of the small intestine that increase
the surface area available for absorption. Food and nutrients are
absorbed through the villi and into the bloodstream. Villi contain
capillaries for diffusion of nutrients.
30. Why do people become dehydrated when they have a foodborne
illness?
The microbes attach to the villi preventing nutrients and water from
being diffused into the capillaries.