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Lecture 21. Frequency Response • Frequency Response • Frequency Response of R, L and C • Resonance circuit • Examples 1 Transfer Function • Recall that the transfer function, H(s), is Y ( s) Output H ( s) X( s ) Input • The transfer function can be shown in a block diagram as X(j) ejt = X(s) est Y(j) ejt = Y(s) est H(j) = H(s) • The transfer function can be separated into magnitude and phase angle information H(j) = |H(j)| H(j) 2 Variable-Frequency Response Analysis • As an extension of AC analysis, we now vary the frequency and observe the circuit behavior • Graphical display of frequency dependent circuit behavior can be very useful Frequency Response of an Audio Amplifier 3 Frequency Response of a Resistor • Consider the frequency dependent impedance of the resistor, inductor and capacitor circuit elements • Resistor (R): ZR = R 0° Phase of ZR (°) Magnitude of ZR () – So the magnitude and phase angle of the resistor impedance are constant, such that plotting them versus frequency yields R Frequency 0° Frequency 4 Frequency Response of an Inductor • Inductor (L): ZL = L 90° Phase of ZL (°) Magnitude of ZL () – The phase angle of the inductor impedance is a constant 90°, but the magnitude of the inductor impedance is directly proportional to the frequency. Plotting them vs. frequency yields (note that the inductor appears as a short circuit at dc) Frequency 90° Frequency 5 Frequency Response of a Capacitor • Capacitor (C): ZC = 1/(C) –90° Phase of ZC (°) Magnitude of ZC () – The phase angle of the capacitor impedance is –90°, but the magnitude of the inductor impedance is inversely proportional to the frequency. Plotting both vs. frequency yields (note that the capacitor acts as an open circuit at dc) -90° Frequency Frequency 6 Poles and Zeros • The transfer function is a ratio of polynomials N( s ) K ( s z1 )( s z2 ) ( s zm ) H( s) D( s) ( s p1 )( s p2 ) ( s pn ) • The roots of the numerator, N(s), are called the zeros since they cause the transfer function H(s) to become zero, i.e., H(zi)=0 • The roots of the denominator, D(s), are called the poles and they cause the transfer function H(s) to become infinity, i.e., H(pi)= 7 RLC Resonance Circuits i(t) + vr(t) – R + – + C – vl(t) + L I ( s) s 2 20 s 02 Vs ( s) I ( s) 1 H ( s) 2 2 V ( s ) s 2 s vc(t) s 0 0 – • The denominator of the transfer function is known as the characteristic equation • To find the poles, we solve : s 2 2 0 s 02 0 which has two roots: s1 and s2 20 (20 ) 2 402 s1 , s2 0 0 2 1 2 8 RLC Resonance Circuits 1 | H ( s ) | 2 2 2 2 ( 0 ) 4(0 ) 0 ~ BW 1 - Resonance Frequency LC - BW=bandwidth Q 0 BW 9 Quality Factor (Q) • The quality factor is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance peak; the larger the Q value, the sharper the peak, where BW=bandwidth Q 0 BW • An energy analysis of a RLC circuit provides a basic definition of the quality factor (Q) that is used across engineering disciplines, specifically WS Max Energy Stored at 0 Q 2 2 WD Energy Dissipated per Cycle 10 Bandwidth (BW) • The bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the two half-power frequencies BW = ωHI – ωLO = 0 / Q • Hence, a high-Q circuit has a small bandwidth • Note that: 02 = ωLO ωHI LO & HI 1 0 2Q 1 1 2 2Q 11 Quality Factor: RLC Circuits • For a series RLC circuit the quality factor is Q 0 BW Qseries 0 L 1 1 L R 0 CR R C • For a parallel RLC circuit, the quality factor is Q 0 BW Q parallel R C 0 CR R 0 L L 12 Class Examples • Drill Problems P9-3, P9-4, P9-5 13