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December 1st, 2011

Last declension.

Feminine nouns with the exception of Dies
(day) which is masculine.

Declines like other nouns; Find the stem by
taking the genitive; then add appropriate
endings.
Case
Res, Rei – “Thing” (Fem.)
Dies, Diei –”Day” (Masc.)
Nom
Res
Dies
Gen
Rei
Diei
Dat
Rei
Diei
Acc
Rem
Diem
Abl
Re
Die
Nom
Res
Dies
Gen
Rerum
Dierum
Dat
Rebus
Diebus
Acc
Res
Dies
Abl
Rebus
Diebus

The place where an event occurred is usually
indicated by an ablative with a preposition
(i.e. in = “in, on.” or sub = “under.”).

In magna casa vivunt = “They live in a large
house.”

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 142-3 for summary of uses
of the ablative case.

Participles = Verbal Adjectives (i.e. adjectives
with a verbal character).

i.e. The barking dog frightened the children.

Latin has four participles: The present active,
the future active, the perfect passive, the
future passive (aka-the gerundive).

Present Active and Future Passive formed on the
present stem.

Present Active = Present Stem + “-ns, -ntis.”

Future Passive = Present Stem + “-ndus, -nda, -ndum.”

Future Active and Perfect Passive formed on the
Participial Stem (i.e. 4th Principal Part).

Future Active = Participial Stem + “-urus, -ura, -urum.”

Perfect Passive = Participial Stem + “-us, -a, -um.”
Tense
Active
Passive
Present:
Agens, Agentis
______________
Perfect:
_____________
Actus, Acta, Actum
Future:
Acturus, Actura, Acturum
Agendus, Agenda,
Agendum

Because participles are verbal adjectives they
have a gender, number, and case and so decline.

Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Future
Passive all decline like Magnus, Magna,
Magnum.

Present Active declines like third declension
nouns (i.e. Potens, Potentis).

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 148-9.

As adjectives participles must agree with the
nouns they modify in gender, number, and
case (i.e. Divitiae viro amato dabatur –
“Riches were given to the beloved man.”).

Can stand on their own in place of a noun (i.e.
as a noun – substantive). (i.e. Divitiae amato
dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved
man.”).

As verbs participles can take direct objects and
other verbal constructions.

i.e. Patrem in casa videntes, puella et puer ad
eum cucurrerent – “Seeing their father in the
house, the boy and girl ran up to him.”

Tense of participles are always relative to the
main verb (i.e. refer to actions done at a point in
time relative to the action of the main verb).

Cf. Wheelock, p. 149.

A trick process; context is crucial.

Present Active = “-ing” (i.e. laudans = praising).

Future Active = “about to -, going to -.” (i.e.
Laudaturus = About to praise, going to praise).

Perfect Passive = “-ed, having been –ed.” (i.e.
Laudatus = Praised, Having been praised).

Future Passive = “about to be –ed, going to be –ed.”
(i.e. Laudandus = About to be praised, going to be
praised.).

Pay close attention to context and the tense of the
participle relative to the main verb.

Often best rendered in English as a relative clause.

Commonly rendered in: A temporal sense (i.e Laudata…. =
When she had been praised); A causal sense (i.e.
Laudata….=Since she had been praised); A concessive
sense (i.e. Laudata….=“Although she had been praised).

Context the only effective guide.

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 150.