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Inner Earth Vocabulary Asthenosphere: The layer in Earth's upper mantle and directly under the lithosphere in which rock is soft and weak because it is close to melting. Crust: A think outer layer of rock above a planet's mantle, including all dry land and ocean basins. Earth's continental crust is 40KM thick on average and oceanic crust is 7 KM thick on average. Inner Core: A solid sphere of metal, mainly nickle and iron, at Earth's center. Lithosphere: The layer of Earth made up of the crust and the rigid rock on the upper mantle, averaging about 40 KM thick and broken into tectonic plates. Mantle: The layer of rock between Earth's outer core and crust, in which most rock is hot enough to flow in convection currents; Earth's thickest layer. Outer Core: A layer of molten metal, mainly nickle and iron, that surrounds Earth's inner core. Pangaea: A hypothetical supercontinent that included all of the landmasses on Earth. It began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. Tectonic Plates: One of the large, moving pieces into which Earth's lithosphere is broken and which commonly carries both oceanic and continental crust. Theory of Tectonic Plates: A theory stating that Earth's lithosphere is broken into huge plates that move and change in size over time.