Download Papal Monarchy

Papal Monarchy
 The papal control of the Papal States in central Italy
kept the popes involved in politics, often at the
expense of their spiritual duties.
 The Church became increasingly involved in the feudal
system.
 Bishops and abbots came to hold their offices as grants
from nobles, and so were vassals.
 These bishops and abbots often cared little about
spiritual duties.
Papal Monarchy
 By the eleventh century Church leaders realized the need to
be free from the interference of lords in the appointment of
Church officials.
 When an individual became a Church official he was given a
ring and a staff as symbols of the authority he was invested
with.
 Secular, or lay, officials began granting this investiture.
 Pope Gregory VII saw the need to stop this practice.
Papal Monarchy
 Only then could the Church regain its freedom, the sole right
to appoint clergy and run its own affairs.
 If secular rulers did not accept this, the pope would remove
them.
 Gregory VII believed the pope’s authority extended over all
rulers.
Papal Monarchy
 Pope Gregory VII
decided to fight the
practice of lay
investiture.
 He was convinced
that he had been
chosen by God to
reform the Church
Pope Gregory VII
 Pope Gregory VII, though unpopular, initiated many
reforms for the church.
 These reforms became known as the Gregorian reforms.
 Pope Gregory Stated:
 The Church was founded by God Alone
 The pope alone can with right be called universal.
 The pope alone can depose or reinstate bishops
 The pope’s name alone can be spoken in churches
 The pope may depose of emperors
 The pope may be judged by no one
 The Roman Church has never erred; nor will it err to all
eternity, the Scripture bearing witness.
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
 Henry sent a letter to the Pope which declared that the Pope was a
fake and had no real authority. His letter ended, “I, Henry, king by
the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down,
come down, and be damned throughout the ages”
 Obviously, the Pope was not pleased by this. Pope Gregory VII
excommunicated Henry IV and supported the overthrow of his
power.
•Henry IV, was faced with the prospect of
losing his kingdom to lords who were
rebelling against him and supporting the
overthrow of his power.
•Henry decided to go apologize to the
Pope and be reinstated with the Church.
•Henry traveled to Canossa in northern
Italy to meet the pope and apologize in
person.
•He wore a hair shirt and stood outside
barefoot in the snow. As a priest, the
Pope had to accept Henry’s penance and
lift his excommunication.
The Concordat of Worms
 The dispute over lay investiture continued. Henry
overthrew the Pope and then, Gregory died in
exile. After they were both dead the conflict
continued for several generations.
 Finally in 1122 at Worms the Concordat of
Worms passed. In this agreement the Church won
the power to appoint church officials and the
emperor got to give the new bishop the symbols of
government authority while the church instilled
the ring and staff which were symbols of spiritual
authority.
Papal Monarchy
 The Catholic Church
reached the height of
its political power
during the papacy of
Pope Innocent III.
The Church Supreme
 The attempts to make the church more
powerful did not end with Gregory VII.
During the 12th and 13th century the
Popes continued to strengthen the
papacy.
 Pope Innocent III declared the Act of
Papal Supremacy. He stated that the
Pope was,
 “lower than God but higher than man . . .
Judges all and is judged by no one. . . .
Princes have power on earth, priests over the
soul. As much as the soul is worthier than
the body, so much worthier is the priesthood
than the monarchy . . . NO king can reign
rightly unless he devoutly serve Christ’s
vicar.”
“Weapons” of the Church
•
The Church claimed that it held the power of salvation through the
administration of the sacraments. The church could manipulate
people and their leaders through the control of these sacraments.
•
The church could excommunicate someone, this was where they cut
off a single person from receiving the sacraments.
•
The church could also place an interdict over an entire country. In
this case no one in the entire country or region could receive the
sacraments.
New Religious Orders
 A wave of religious enthusiasm seized Europe in
the first half of the twelfth century and led to a
spectacular growth in the number of monasteries
and new orders.
 The most important new order was the Cistercians,
founded by a group of disgruntled Benedictine
monks in 1098.
 The order spread rapidly throughout Europe.
Cistercians
 Strict!
 They had only one robe and ate a simple diet.
 They removed all decorations from their churches and
buildings and split their time between prayer and
manual labor. They weren’t allowed to speak unless
absolutely necessary.
 Cistercians were more active in the world than
Benedictine monks.
 They took their religion to the people outside of the
monastery.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Embodied the new spiritual ideal
of Cistercian monasticism.

“Arise, soldier of Christ, arise!
Get up off the ground and return
to the battle from which you have
fled! Fight more boldly after
your flight, and triumph in
glory!”
New Religious Orders
 The number of women joining religious houses grew
dramatically.
 Most nuns came from the landed aristocracy.
 Female intellectuals like Hildegard of Bingen found
convents a haven for their activities.
 Hildegard of Bingen became abbess of a convent,
and she was also one of the first women
composers.
Hildegard of Bingen
 She had mystical visions
and wrote three books
based on her visions.
 She contributed to the
genre called Gregorian
chant.
 She was also sought out for
her advice as a mystic &
prophetess.
 Popes, emperors, kings,
dukes, eagerly sought her
advice.
New Religious Orders
 The Franciscans and Dominicans emerged in the thirteenth
century.
 Each had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people
Franciscans
 Saint Francis of
Assisi founded the
Franciscans.
Saint Francis of Assisi
 Born into wealth, he had a series of spiritual experiences
that led him to abandon material pursuits and preach
poverty.
 His simplicity, joy, and love attracted followers.
 Franciscans rejected all property and lived by working and
begging for food.
Franciscans
 The Franciscans became popular with the poor, among whom
they lived and whom they helped.
 Unlike many other religious orders, the Franciscans lived in
the world and undertook missionary work.
 First throughout Italy and then in all parts of Europe and
even in the Muslim world.
Dominicans
 The Spanish priest
Dominic de Guzman
founded the
Dominicans to defend
Church teachings
from heresy—the
denial of basic
Church doctrines.
New Religious Orders
 People who denied Church doctrines were called heretics.
 Dominic believed that the best way to combat heresy was to
have an order of men who lived in poverty and preached
effectively.
New Religious Orders
 The Church’s wish to discover and deal with
heretics led to the Inquisition, or Holy Office.
 This court was instituted to try heretics, and it
developed a regular way to deal with them.
 Switch to other powerpoints
Flogging
New Religious Orders
 From 1252 on, those who did not confess voluntarily were
tortured until they confessed.
 Many who did not confess were considered guilty and were
executed by the state.
 Relapsed heretics were also subject to execution.
 For Christians of the thirteenth century, using force to save
souls was the right thing to do.
 Heresy was a crime against God, and people’s salvation
hung in the balance.
`
What impact did the
Franciscans and Dominicans have
on the lives of people in the 13th
century?
 Analyzing:
The Inquisition
 The Church appointed a special court, usually headed by the
Dominicans, to find and try heretics.
 If an accused heretic confessed, he or she was forced to
perform public penance.
 Beginning in 1252, those that did not confess voluntarily were
tortured until they did confess.
 Many did not confess but were still considered guilty and
turned to the state for execution.
 If a heretic relapsed, they were also subject to execution.
 Christians of this time believed that the only path to salvation
was through the Church, heresy was a crime against God and
humanity, the church believed it was doing this to save
peoples’ souls.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
 The sacraments of the Catholic Church, such as
baptism, marriage, and Communion, were very
important to ordinary people.
 The sacraments were a means for receiving God’s
grace and were necessary for salvation.
 Only clergy could give the sacraments, which made
people dependent on the clergy.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
 Venerating saints was also important to ordinary
people.
 Saints had a special position in Heaven and could ask
for favors before the throne of God.
 The apostles were recognized throughout Europe as
saints.
 Local saints such as Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of
children and the inspiration for Santa Claus, sprang up.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
 The Virgin Mary was the most highly regarded saint of the
High Middle Ages.
 Many European churches in the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries were dedicated to her.
 Emphasis on the saints was tied to the use of relics, usually
bones of saints or objects connected with the saints.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
 They were worshipped because they offered a
connection between the earthly world and God, they
could heal, or they produced other miracles.
 Medieval Christians also believed that a pilgrimage to a
holy shrine produced a spiritual benefit.
 The Holy City of Jerusalem was the greatest such site.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
 Rome, with its relics of Saint Peter, and Santiago de
Compostela, supposedly where the apostle Saint James is
buried, were also important pilgrimage destinations.
Hmmmmm
 Medieval Christians believed that relics produced miracles,
especially of healing.
 What is a miracle in the religious sense?