Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Business Programming I Fall – 2000 By Jim Payne Links: Early History of Computers Virginia Tech – History of Computing Virtual Museum of the United Kingdom Smithsonian Museum - Computers Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 2 History of Computing Devices Ancient Counting Devices notches, knots, pebbles, stone counting tablets Napier’s Bones and Gunter’s Slide Rule Charles Babbage – Grandfather of Computing Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Howard Aiken’s – Harvard - MARK I Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 3 The Electronic Revolution John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - @ Iowa State University – The ABC Machine (1st fully electronic computer) Father of Modern Computing The ENIAC – Mauchly / Eckert VonNeumann’s Contributions The UNIVAC - Remember 1951, 1952, 1954 Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 4 Electronic Computers Generations of Computers Lecture 01 First Generation – Vacuum Tubes 1950’s Second Generation – Transistors 1959 Third Generation - Integrated Circuits 1964 Ted Hoff, Mazor, and Fagin develop the Intel 4004 microprocessor “Computer on a Chip” It could process 60,000 instructions per second - $300 Fourth Generation - LSIC’s Large Scale Integrated Circuits 1971 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 5 Types of Programs Operating Systems Windows, System 8, Unix Utility Programs Scandisk, Sorting, Virus Scanner Application Programs Lecture 01 MS-Word, MS-Excel, Payroll Program in COBOL Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 6 Types of Languages Machine Languages 1100000110101100010110100010101010 Assembler Languages INP MPY STA OUT A B C C High Level Languages Lecture 01 FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C, JAVA, VISUAL BASIC Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 7 History of Languages Charles Babbage – 1833 Link: Babbage biography Difference Engine Analytical Engine Babbage’s Model Difference Engine Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 8 Babbage’s Model PRIMARY MEMORY INPUT CONTROL UNIT OUTPUT ARITHMETIC UNIT Lecture 01 PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 9 Babbage’s Model PRIMARY MEMORY A,B,C A=3 B=4 CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC UNIT ANSWER ANSWER = 14 or 11 ? C=2 Lecture 01 PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 10 Order of Operations Rules If parentheses are present, resolve them first (then or otherwise) Precedence Rules: Lecture 01 Exponentiation First Multiplication & Division Equal Precedence Addition & Subtraction Equal Precedence (items of equal precedence – left to right) Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 11 Babbage’s Model Mem: A 3 B 4 C 2 3,4,2 CU: INP A,B,C AU: Lecture 01 PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 12 Babbage’s Model Mem: A 3 B 4 C 2 3,4,2 CU: LDA B AU: Lecture 01 4 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C 13 Babbage’s Model Mem: A 3 B 4 C 2 3,4,2 CU: AU: Lecture 01 MPY C 4 84 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C 14 Babbage’s Model Mem: A 3 B 4 C 2 3,4,2 CU: AU: Lecture 01 ADD ADD AA 88 11 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C 15 Babbage’s Model Mem: C 2 3,4,2 CU: AU: Lecture 01 A 3 B 4 D 11 STA D 11 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C 16 Babbage’s Model Mem: C 2 3,4,2 A 3 B 4 D 11 CU: 11 OUT D AU: Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa PROBLEM: ANSWER = A + B * C 17 INPUTS: Problem: A + B * C Inputs: A,B,C 3,4,2 Program: ACCUMULATOR: INP A,B,C LDA B MPY C ADD A STA D OUTPUT: OUT D 11 4 8 11 Contribution by Babbage’sAssistant Augusta Ada - Countess of Lovelace (Lord Byron’s daughter) Link to biography She suggested that if they could ever get the Difference Engine or the Analytical Engine to work for three values of A,B, and C then a simple GOTO statement could cause the “program” to work over and over. “LOOPING” For this contribution, Ada of Lovelace is often called the world’s 1st Programmer. Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 19 INPUTS: Problem: A + B * C Inputs: A,B,C 5,5,4 Program: ACCUMULATOR: INP A,B,C LDA B MPY C ADD A STA D OUTPUT: OUT D 25 5 20 25 INPUTS: Problem: (A + B) * C Inputs: A,B,C 5,5,4 Program: ACCUMULATOR: INP A,B,C LDA A ADD B MPY C STA D OUTPUT: OUT D 40 5 10 40 INPUTS: Problem: (A + 2) – (B+C) 7,3,4 Inputs: A,B,C Program: LDA A ADC 2 STA T1 LDA B ADD C STA T2 LDA T1 SUB T2 STA D OUT D ACCUMULATOR: 7 9 3 7 9 2 OUTPUT: 2 Lecture 01 Jim Payne - University of Tulsa 23