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How it works: Taking advantage of the earth as a thermal mass and provides extra protection from natural elements. Have low maintenance requirements and has passive solar building design. Advantages: The need for extra heating and cooling is minimal. The earth walls protect from cold winter winds. Air infiltration within the earth shelter can be highly profitable Disadvantages: Water seepage, bad acoustics, and not the best air quality Cost: $10 per square foot How it works: Organic waste breaks up after sitting and turns into a humus-like substance by microorganisms. Makes rich compost in fewer yard trash and garbage bags. Advantages: Practically free, very environmentally friendly Disadvantages: It is dirty, can smell bad, the pile can be big, and can be inconvenient Cost: Composting bin can range from $30- several hundred dollars How it works: Led light bulbs do not have a filament, therefore do not burn out like other light bulbs. They are illuminated by the movement of electrons. Advantages: Very long lifespan, save money due to long lifespan, and they are good for the environment because they are free from mercury Disadvantages: Sometimes they are extremely bright and they can damage our eyes and the bulbs are costly Cost: $9-$80 How it works: Cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. Uses electric pumps, valves and controllers to circulate water to Advantages: Saves energy and saves money over time Disadvantages: Very expensive in the beginning Cost: Around $7,000 for installation of heater and panels How it works: Gray Water is untreated household wastewater generated from hand washing, laundry, and bathing. The wastewater can be diverted from the sewer to irrigate outdoor plants and landscape. Gray water systems directly reuse ‘wastewater” to irrigate plants. Advantages: Reduces your fresh water use and saves the amount of water we use in general Disadvantages: Potential for pollution and environmental effects if it is not used correctly Cost: $400-$900 without installation How it works: Sunlight falls on a semiconductor causing it to release electrons. The electrons flow through a circuit that is completed when another semiconductor in the solar cell absorbs electrons and passes them on to the first semiconductor Advantages: Does not have moving parts and it runs on nonpolluting power from the sun Disadvantages: Photovoltaic cells produce very small electrical currents so it requires lots of solar panels.