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ECSE-2610
Computer Components
& Operations (COCO)
Welcome to the world of Computers!
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The Digital World
PCs
Laptop computer
smartcards
Mainframe/supercomputer
Router
CRT projector
Router
printer
Router
Television
Scanner
Data
PDA
Telephone
Fax
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The Digital World
• Information Processing Systems, especially
computers, are driving the world economy.
– The Internet is changing the way we communicate, shop, learn,
COCO is about:
invest, and entertain ourselves.
1. Computer building blocks
•
2. How the building blocks are
This is an amazingly fast moving business!!
assembled to build the
computer
– Processors double in speed every 18 months
– The Internet doubles in size every year
• Computers are the most amazing and complex
things ever built by mankind
– The Intel Pentium III has 28 million transistors
– It runs at 1.3 billion cycles per second
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Sheer Complexity
Intel Pentium III Chip
• 28 million transistors
• 1.3 billion cycles/sec clock
• Just one part of a computer
• Overall, a computer can have
a billion transistors.
The Design Process is a
systematic way to cope with
all this complexity.
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Basic Ideas
• To design is to represent
• Divide and conquer
• Successive Refinement
• Use Math Tools:
Combinational Logic
Sequential Logic
• Use Software tools
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Traffic Signal Example
N
E
W
S
N-S
E-W
Lights for N & S are the same, call them N-S
Similarly, we have E-W
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What the System Does
N
E
W
S
N-S
E-W
• Cycles through the sequence GREEN-YELLOW-RED
• N-S and E-W never GREEN or YELLOW at the same time
• GREEN stays on for 45 seconds, YELLOW for 15, RED for 60
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System Requirements
N
E
W
S
N-S
E-W
• speed: compute changes in under 100 ms
• power: consume less than 20 watts
• board area: implementation in less than 20 square cm
• cost: less than $20 in manufacturing costs
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"To Design Is to Represent"
1. English language specification
not precise and subject to ambiguity
2. Functional description
more precise
flow charts, program fragments
3. Structural description
modules decomposed into
simpler components
4. Physical description
In terms of logic gates or
transistors
Start
N-S Green
E-W Red
after 45 seconds
N-S Yellow
E-W Red
after 15 seconds
N-S Red
E-W Green
after 45 seconds
N-S Red
E-W Yellow
after 15 seconds
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Going from One
Representation to Another
Top Down:
Complex functions replaced by more primitive functions
Bottom Up:
Build more and more complex assemblies out of smaller parts,
respecting the rules of composition
Rules of Composition:
Electrical Rules
Timing Rules
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Top-Down Design Example
Start
Traffic
Subsystem
N-S Green
N-S Yellow
N-S Red
E-W Green
E-W Yellow
E-W Red
Refine
45 secs
Start
N-S Green
N-S Yellow
N-S Red
E-W Green
E-W Yellow
E-W Red
Light
Sequencer
Timer
15 secs
Refine again
45 secs
Start
Timer
15 secs
N-S Lights
Counter
E-W Lights
Decoder
N-S Green
N-S Yellow
N-S Red
E-W Green
E-W Yellow
E-W Red
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The Process of Building
System
Ex., a group of flip flops form a counter
Modules
groups of gates form flip flops, timers, sequencers etc.
Gates
a group of transistors form a gate
Transistors
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Representations & Technologies
Functional Description
Word description
Blocks
Waveforms
Truth Tables
Boolean Algebra
Computer
Simulation
Gates
Transistors
Computer
Synthesis
Tools
Chip
Design
Rapid Prototyping
Technologies
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Debugging the System
What Can Go Wrong
• Design Flaws
Implementation does not meet functional specification
Logic design is incorrect (wrong function implemented)
• Implementation Flaws
Individual modules function correctly but their compositions do not
Misunderstanding of interface and timing behavior
Wiring mistakes
• Component Flaws
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Debugging Methods
Simulation before construction
Systematic testing
Divide and conquer
Use lab Instruments, e.g., Logic Analyzers
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Recap Of Design Process
Design
Iteration
Implementation
Debug
Design
Initial concept: what is the function performed by the object?
Constraints: How fast? How much area? How much cost?
Refine abstract functional blocks into more concrete realizations
Implementation
Assemble primitives into more complex building blocks
Composition via wiring
Choose among alternatives to improve the design
Debug
Faulty systems: design flaws, composition flaws, component flaws
Design to make debugging easier
Hypothesis formation and troubleshooting skills
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What did we cover ?
• Sec 1.1 in Randy Katz Textbook
• Be sure to read Sec 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in the
textbook (omit sec 1.3.5-1.3.7, and Sec 1.4)
• This reading is necessary for getting points in the
Studio Activity!
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