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Civilizations in Crises: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland, & Qing China Chapter 26 Map Exercise 26.1 Ottoman Empire, Late 18th Century (page 625) • 1. What 3 continents does the empire straddle? • 2. What modern states were once ruled by the Ottomans? • 3. Drawing conclusions – a. What different ethnic groups does the empire rule? – b. How might different ethnic groups weaken Ottoman rule? – c. What European states would be the greatest threat to the empire? Photo Essay • 1. In photograph 26.1 on page 627, how did the Europeans view the Ottomans? • 2. In photography 26.2 on page 628, how had the Young Turks changed? Map 26.2 China During the Qing Dynasty (page 635) • 1. What is a treaty port? • 2. What powers had treaty ports in China? • 3. What ports did each European power rule? • 4. Which states likely had territorial designs on China? Support your answer. Ottoman retreat empire in decline 18th century European rivals take advantage of weakness Austrians Russians Greeks & Serbians win independence Ottomans survive – why? balance of power internal reform Mahmud II - professional army (destroy janissaries) Tanzimat reforms – Western model open empire to Europe - threaten some groups strengthen state – threaten dynasty Sultan Abdul Hamid – despotic absolutism Young Turks – continue Western style reforms empire survives (weakly) until WWI Arab Islamic Heartlands desire to drive back Europeans crises in Middle East Egypt Napoleon defeats Ottoman's in Egypt Muhammad Ali – Egypt’s ruler 1811 - military reforms - powerful army & navy - modernize economy ally with landlords – resist economic reforms Egypt exposed to European threats ayan – rural landlords profit 1 crop dependency become dependent on European credit Suez Canal - 1869 Muslim scholars – traditional vs Western science & technology Islamic history – rational inquiry - contest that a single source of truth - found in Qu’ran 1882 – British intervene - direct Egyptian government Jihad – Mahdist revolt in Sudan Egyptians try to rule Mahdi win control of Sudan - return Islam to original purity build strong state, Islamic law British end in 1896 Islam suffers in 1800s Europeans consistently advance & threaten Islam Last Chinese Dynasty - Qing Manchurians adopt Chinese ways Chinese scholar-gentry enter Manchu service 1644 – Manchu's take Beijing - retain political system - examination system continues Chinese & Manchu's paired at highest posts maintain social system of Ming rank & hierarchy extended family women subservient alleviate rural distress commercial & urban expansion influx of silver (payment for exports) - good balance of trade compradors (merchants) – link between China & outside world Decline - late 1700s exam system - cheating government jobs way to gain influence & money Yellow River floods – peasants migrate south population increase – stresses social & economic systems confrontation with Europeans over opium trade British use to trade instead of silver opium addiction rampant 1830s – Chinese blockade trade European military intervention - Opium Wars 1839 & 1850s settlements include Hong Kong to British - ports open to European trade - long term leases - British manage China’s foreign trade Taiping Rebellion European incursions into Southern China Taiping offer social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women - attack traditional Chinese elite - defeated with help of Europeans “self-strengthening movement” - modernize Manchu’s losing control over provinces Boxer Rebellion Empress CiXi – crushes the reform movement Secret societies resistance to Qing - training ground for revolutionaries create a government modeled on the west - sons of scholar gentry & compradors - Sun Yat Sen civil service exams end 1905 end of use of Confucian values as base to govern society 1912 – Emperor Pu-Yi stands down - Republic of China formed