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Religion Notes Religion Looks at how cultures answer life’s great questions: -What is the origin of life? -What does it mean to be human? -Are there greater-than-human forces responsible for events in the world? Examines who or what people worship and how they worship. Religion Key Terms Deity – Any god or goddess. Hapy – Egyptian god embodied by the Nile, and who represents life. In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt. Religion Key Terms Monotheism – The belief that there is only one god. This god can take different forms across many religions and cultures Religious Key Terms Polytheism – The belief that there are many gods. It is believed that different gods are representations of different things in the world. Brahma is the Hindu god of creation. Varuna is a god of the sky, of rain and of the celestial ocean, as well as a god of law and of the underworld. Buddhism Followers : Buddhists Numbers of Adherents: 376 Million Gods : None Buddhism Important People: Siddhartha Gautama: the Buddha (“enlightened one”) Important Texts: Tripitaka: the teachings of the Buddha Buddhism Important Points: -Reincarnation: a cycle of birth, life, and death -Enlightenment: the final goal -Place of worship: Buddhist Temple The Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering; 2. Suffering is due to attachment; 3. Attachment can be overcome; 4. There is a path for accomplishing this. Young Tibetan Buddhist monks of Drepung Typical interior of a temple in Korea Buddhist Symbols The image to the right is the Tibetan Wheel of Life, which represents Samsara. In the very center, there is a rooster chasing a pig chasing a snake chasing the rooster -- craving, hatred, and ignorance. Around that are people ascending the white semicircle of life, and others descending the black semicircle of death. The greatest portion of the Wheel is devoted to representations of the six realms -- the realm of the gods, the realm of the titans, the realm of humans, the realm of animals, the realm of the hungry ghosts, and the realm of demons -- each realm looked over by its own boddhisattva. The outermost circle is the 12 steps of dependent origination. The entire Wheel is held by Yama, the Lord of Death. Christianity Followers : Christians Numbers of Adherents: 2.1 billion Gods : One God Christianity Important People: Jesus: the son of God who came to earth Important Texts: the Bible: Old and New Testament Christianity Important Points: -The Trinity: Father/Son/Holy Spirit -Heaven: the final afterlife -Salvation through Jesus’ death -Place of worship: church or cathedral -Divisions: Catholics & Protestants Vatican City – Home of the Pope who is head of the Catholic Church Statue of Christ the Redeemeroverlooking Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The Nativity Scene – Birth of Jesus Christian Symbols The budded cross is a common form of the cross. Its trefoils represent the trinity. A Celtic Cross Hinduism Followers : Hindus Numbers of Adherents: 900 million Gods : Many gods -Brahman: the source Hinduism Important People: Gandhi: emphasized nonviolence resistance and equality of all people Important Texts: the Vedas: a collection of texts Hinduism Important Points: -Caste System: each person in society has a set place -Karma: combination of good and bad deeds that determine unity with God -Place of worship: Hindu Temple Front Entrance to Brihadisvara Temple The Ganges River in India. Hindu Symbol As the cross is to Christians, the AUM is to Hindus. It is the most important symbol in Hinduism. It is made up of three Sanskrit letters, aa, au and ma which, when combined, make the sound Aum or Om. It occurs in every prayer. This symbol represents the Brahman or the Absolute -the source of all existence, in English it’d mean 'omniscience', 'omnipotent', 'omnipresent'. An Indian woman wearing the bindu. The small red dot can indicate she is married, indicate her Hindu faith, or serve as a symbol of wisdom and divine power. Islam •Followers : Muslims •Numbers of Adherents: 1.3 billion •One God : Allah •Islam means “surrender” Islam Important People: Muhammad: the last prophet Important Texts: The Qur’an (Koran): Allah’s words revealed to Muhammad Islam Important Points: -The Five Pillars: the duties of all Muslims -3 Holy Cities: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem -Place of worship: Mosque -Divisions: Sunnis and Shi’i Muslims performing salat (prayer) at the Umayyad Mosque. The Ascension of the Prophet Muhammad, Persian manuscript of the Islamic school, 16th century; in the Seattle (Washington) Art Museum. Manuscript shows Muhammad ascending into heaven surrounded by angels; out of respect, his face is veiled. The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul Islamic Symbol Legend holds that the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman, had a dream in which the crescent moon stretched from one end of the earth to the other. Taking this as a good omen, he chose to keep the crescent and make it the symbol of his dynasty. The symbol is due to cultural diffusion and the spread of Islam to the Ottoman Turks who ruled a large area and also put the crescent moon and star symbol on their flag. It can also refer to the fact that Muslims follow a religious lunar calendar. For example, Ramadan, the ninth month, is a holy month. Judaism Followers : Jews Numbers of Adherents: 14 million Gods : One God Yahweh: God of Israelites Judaism Important People: Abraham: the father of the Jewish Nation Important Texts: the Torah: God’s words revealed to Moses -The Torah is included in the Hebrew bible (Tanakh). Judaism Important Points: -Messiah: Jews are still waiting -Israel: considered the Promised Land -Place of worship: synagogue A view of Jerusalem, Israel from the Mount of Olives. A synagogue in Sofia, Bulgaria. •Jews praying at the Western (Wailing) Wall in Jerusalem. Jewish Symbols •The Star of David •Symbolizes the six days of creation, and are also represent the six attributes of God: power, wisdom, majesty, love, mercy and justice. Moses with the Ten Commandments