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Transcript
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 1: Earth’s Interior • Geologists use 2 types of evidence to see what’s inside Earth: – Rock Samples – Seismic waves produced by earthquakes 3 Layers of the Earth • 1. Crust: the outer layer of the Earth that includes dry land and the ocean floor. • 2. Mantle: a layer of hot, solid rock below the surface of the Earth. It has 3 layers: – Lithosphere: rigid, stony layer – Asthenosphere: soft, weak, solid layer – Lower Mantle: solid material • 3. Core: the metallic center of the Earth – The outer core is liquid metal – The inner core is a dense ball of solid metal • • • • • What’s Inside the Earth Lab? 1. Title: How do Page 132 Scientists find out what’s inside Earth? 2. Read through the procedure. 3. Copy Data Table. 4. Perform Experiment. 5. Analyze data: Answer the “Think it over: inferring” questions in the box on page 132 Canister Your Guess Number Actual Material 1 2 3 4 5 6 -When you are done, answer questions 1 and 2 on page 139 -Write out the questions and the answers. Results Canister Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 What’s inside? Section 2: Convection and the Mantle • Heat from the core of the Earth moves out through the mantle to the crust. 3 Types of Heat Transfer • 1. Radiation is the transfer of energy through space (sunlight or fires). • 2. Conduction is heat transfer within a material or between 2 materials that are touching. • 3. Convection is heat transfer by movement of currents within a fluid. • Density is the measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance. Convection Currents • A convection current is the flow that transfers heat within a fluid. • These change when temperature, density, or gravity act on the fluid. Art Project • Create a 4 Square Art project for the following words: – Radiation – Conduction – Convection – Crust • Each square must include the WORD, the DEFINITION, and a colored DRAWING. • If you finish early, do questions 1-3 on page 143 Section 3: Drifting Continents • Continental drift states that continents are always slowly moving across Earth’s surface Pangaea • 300 million years ago, the continents drifted together to form a super continent called Pangaea 3 Evidences for Continental Drift • 1. Land features: continents fit together like puzzle pieces • 2. Fossils: ancient organisms preserved in rock • 3. Climate Change: places are sometimes warm and sometimes cold Pangaea Project • 1. Label each continent and color each one a different color. • 2. Cut out the 7 continents. Ignore tiny islands. • 3. Glue them into your notebook as they were in Pangaea. See page 146 to help guide you. • When you are finished, answer questions 1-3 on page 148. Write the question & the answer. Section 4: Sea Floor Spreading • Sea floor spreading is when the sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added. • A mid-ocean ridge is an undersea mountain chain beneath Earth’s surface • They are mapped using sonar, a device that bounces sound waves off undersea objects. 3 evidences for sea floor spreading • 1. Molten material: lava and igneous rock have been found underwater • 2. Magnetic stripes: iron is found in the ocean floor • 3. Drilling samples: samples of the ocean floor find both young and old rocks Subduction at trenches • Deep-ocean trenches are underwater canyons • Subduction occurs here, where parts of the ocean floor sink into the trenches and back into the mantle. Modeling Sea Floor Spreading p. 156 • We will follow the directions on page 156-7 to create models showing sea floor spreading. Section 5: The Theory of Plate Tectonics • The lithosphere is separated into sections called plates. • These plates are in constant, slow motion, which is the theory of plate tectonics. • Plate tectonics can cause earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and deep ocean trenches. Plate Boundaries • Faults, or plate boundaries, are breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other 3 Plate Boundaries • 1. Spreading Boundary: plates move apart • 1. Colliding Boundary: plates come together • 3. Sliding boundary: two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions Modeling Mantle Convection Currents, page 163 • We will perform the experiment on page 163 to model convection currents