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Chapter 3
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Planet Earth
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
The Earth as a System
 The Earth is an integrated system that
consists of rock, air, water, and living things
that all interact with each other.
 Scientists divided this system into four parts:
•
•
•
•
The Geosphere (rock)
The Atmosphere (air)
The Hydrosphere (water)
The Biosphere (living things)
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
The Earth as a System
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
The Earth as a System
 The geosphere is the mostly solid, rocky
part of the Earth that extends from the
center of the core to the surface of the crust.
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
The Composition of the Earth
 Earth’s three layers:
• The crust
• The mantle
• The core
 These layers are made up of progressively
denser material toward the center of the
Earth.
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
The Composition of the Earth
 The crust is the thin and solid
outermost layer of the Earth above
the mantle.
 It is the thinnest layer, and makes
up less than 1 percent of the
planet’s mass.
CHANGES IN THE
LITHOSPHERE
 Made of several large, movable plates
called TECTONIC PLATES that are
naturally moving.
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
Where do Earthquakes Occur?
Plate Boundaries:
1. Convergent - explosive
volcanoes
2. Divergent –
volcanoes/seafloor spreading
3. Transform - EQ
Earthquake impacts
 EQ destroy existing
structures. To
rebuild this is a waste
of resources.
 Also disasters
destroy natural
ecosystems.
San Francisco
Volcano natural pollution impacts
 Have natural carbon
emissions into the
atmosphere!
 Hurts the water quality
 Changes the
temperature by
blocking out the sun!
 Releases SO2 which
causes acid rain and
acidic bodies of water!
.
 During and eruption,
volcanic ash can mix
with water and produce
mudflow that runs
downhill.
 In addition, ash that falls
to the ground can
cause buildings to
collapse under its
weight, bury crops,
damage the engines of
vehicles, and cause
breathing difficulties
Deadly Volcanic ash clouds
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3 Erosion
 The Earth’s surface is continually battered by wind
and scoured by running water, which moves rocks
around and changes their appearance.
 Erosion is the process in which the materials of
the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or
worn away and transported form one place to
another by a natural agent, such as wind, water,
ice or gravity.
 Erosion wears downs rocks and makes them
smoother as times passes. Older mountains are
therefore smoother than younger ones.
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
Water Erosion
 Erosion by both rivers and oceans can
produce dramatic changes on Earth’s
surface.
 Waves from ocean storms can erode
coastlines to give rise to a variety of
landforms,
 Over time, rivers can carve deep gorges into
the landscape.
Section 1 The Geosphere
Chapter 3
Wind Erosion
 Wind also changes the landscape of the
planet.
 In places where few plants grow, such as
beaches and deserts, wind can blow soil
away very quickly.
 Soft rocks, such as sandstone, erode more
easily than hard rocks, such as granite do.
All 3 places make up the…
BIOSPHERE
“All parts of the earth that support and contain
life”
Found in 3 places:
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Life
Found in 3 places:
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 3
Multiple Choice
1.What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of
the Earth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the asthenosphere
the geosphere
the lithosphere
the mesosphere
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 3
Multiple Choice
1.What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of
the Earth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the asthenosphere
the geosphere
the lithosphere
the mesosphere
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 3
Multiple Choice, continued
2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what
geologic feature?
A.
B.
C.
D.
earthquakes
faults
mountains
volcanoes
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 3
Multiple Choice, continued
2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what
geologic feature?
A.
B.
C.
D.
earthquakes
faults
mountains
volcanoes
Day 2
3.2 Atmosphere
 The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that
surrounds a planet, such as Earth.
 Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other
gases are all parts of this mixture.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
Composition of the Atmosphere
 Nitrogen - 78 %
 Oxygen - 21 %
 In addition to gases,
the atmosphere contains many
types of tiny, solid particles,
or atmospheric dust.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
Layers of the Atmosphere
 The atmosphere is divided into four layers
based on temperature changes that occur at
different distances above the Earth’s
surface.
•
•
•
•
The Troposphere
The Stratosphere
The Mesosphere
The Thermosphere
Troposphere
(touches earth)
Importance:
 Has most of the gas molecules
 Has most of water vapor
 Most weather occurs here
Unfortunately….
 This is also where our
pollution accumulates,
as well as our heat that
is being trapped.
The Stratosphere
(Second layer)
 Ozone is a gas molecule that is made up of three
oxygen atoms..
 Contains:
90%
of OZONE LAYER
 Because ozone absorbs UV radiation, it reduces amount of
UV radiation that reaches the Earth. UV radiation that does
reach Earth can damage living cells.
Ultraviolet Light
 The sun produces UV, which is commonly
split into three bands: UVA, UVB, and UVC.
 UVA is not absorbed by ozone.
 UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although
some reaches the Earth.
 UVC is completely absorbed
by ozone and normal oxygen.
The Mesosphere
(middle layer)
 above the stratosphere.
 To about 80 km.
 This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere
where temperatures have been measured
as low as
–93ºC.
THERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE
 Ions then reunite with
electrons and makes
LIGHT! HOT!
 Happens at the poles
 Called AURORA
LIGHTS
 North Pole = Aurora
Borealis
 South Pole = Aurora
Australis
Exosphere
(exiting Earth)
 The atmosphere
merges into space in
the extremely
thin exosphere.
 This is the upper limit
of our atmosphere.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Energy Transfer in the
Atmosphere
 Radiation is the energy that is transferred
as electromagnetic waves, such as visible
light and infrared waves.
 Conduction is the transfer of energy as
heat through a material.
 Convection is the movement of matter due
to differences in density that are caused by
temperature variations an can result in the
transfer of energy as heat.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
Energy Transfer in the
Atmosphere
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
Heating of the Atmosphere
 Solar energy reaches the Earth as
electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible
light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light.
 About half of the solar energy that enters the
atmosphere passes through it and reaches the
Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is
absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere by
clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s
surface.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
Heating of the Atmosphere
 The Earth does not continue to get warmer
because the oceans and the land radiate the
absorbed energy back into the atmosphere.
 Dark-colored objects absorb more solar
radiation that light-colored objects, so dark
colored objects have more energy to release
as heat.
 This is one reason the temperature in cities
is higher that the temperature in the
surrounding countryside.
Chapter 3
Section 2 The Atmosphere
The Movement of Energy in the
Atmosphere
 As a current of air, warmed by Earth’s
surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins
to cool, and eventually becomes more
dense the air around it and sinks. This
current then moves back toward the Earth
until heated and less dense and then begins
to rise again.
 The continual process of warm air rising and
cool air sinking moves air in a circular
motion is called a convection current.
Atmospheric Pollution
Greenhouse Effect
 Gases trap heat inside
the atmosphere.
 This heat that radiates
in is not able to radiate
back out.
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
The Greenhouse Effect
 The greenhouse effect is the warming of
the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth
that occurs when carbon dioxide, water
vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and
reradiate infrared radiation.
 Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth
would be too cold for life to exist.
Chapter 3
Section 2 The Atmosphere
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 2 The Atmosphere
Chapter 3
The Greenhouse Effect
 The most abundant greenhouse gases are
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and
nitrous oxide, although none exist in high
concentrations.
 The quantities of carbon dioxide and
methane in the atmosphere vary
considerable as a result of natural and
industrial processes.
Global Warming
Ozone layer
 Is thinning!
 More prominent over
the poles.
 Not able to protect us
from some of the UV
Day 3
Hydrosphere
= water portion of earth
 Roughly 71%
Types of water
- the difference is the amount of salt they contain.
Fresh
Salty

Lakes, rivers, streams, puddles,
ponds, wetlands, marshes
 Oceans, wetlands, marshes
Where is all of our water?
 https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=4HSFKw
ho7MQ
Locations of water
Surface
Ground:
= “water that is located
on the surface (above
ground) of the earth”
= “Water that is located
under/in the ground”
- Found in Aquifers
Aquifers
Water can stay here for 1,000’s of years!
Issues with our water…
Water cycle
 “The continuous
movement of water
into the air, onto land,
and then back to water
sources”
4 parts of the water cycle
1.Evaporation
2.Condensation
3.Precipitation
4.transpiration
Why water?
 Life on earth could not exist without water
for obvious reasons!
 But….another thing large bodies of water
does for the planet is retain heat! This
keeps earth at a steady temperature instead
of completely depending on outside heat!
 These natural phenomenon
will not be stopped, but must
be taken into consideration
when trying to lower outside
human emissions.
Why care about water?
 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/e
nv-freshwater-whycare?source=searchvideo