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Review Answers 1. Why aren’t the following substances minerals? a. Milk – – – – b. not solid doesn’t have a definite composition not inorganic (is organic) doesn’t have a crystal structure Soil – – c. doesn’t have a crystal structure doesn’t have a definite composition Bone – – – doesn’t have a crystal structure not inorganic (is organic) doesn’t have a definite composition 2. If a mineral can/can’t be scratched by … Calcite – must be less than 3 Talc – must be greater than 1 Mineral is between 1 and 3, or about 2 3. If a mineral can scratch… Feldspar – must be greater than 6 4. If a mineral can’t scratch… Apatite – must be less than 5 What is luster? • Luster is how a mineral reflects light. 6. What is streak? • Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. • Streak is found by scraping the mineral on a tile. 7. What is the difference between cleavage and fracture? • Minerals with cleavage break evenly. • Minerals with fracture break unevenly. 8. Which of the following are sediments? a. b. c. d. e. Gravel – large sediment Soil – not sediment (contains sediment) Sand – medium sediment Pebbles – large sediment Erosion – not sediment (carrying sediment away) Sediment is bits of rock. 9 How does any type of rock become metamorphic rock? • Metamorphic rock forms when another type of rock is put under extreme heat and pressure. 10. What is the difference between igneous rock that cools above and below ground? • Igneous rock that cools above ground cools quickly and has small or no crystals. • Igneous rock that cools below ground cools slowly and has large crystals. 11. What two processes are need to form igneous rock? • Melting and cooling are needed to form igneous rock. 12. All soil forms from weathered… • Bedrock (rock). 13. Wind abrasion is an example of _______ weathering. • Mechanical weathering because rock is physically broken down by sand scraping against it. 14. Complete the chart Layer Characteristic Crust State of mattter Solid Mantle Solid Flexible Outer core Liquid Metal Inner core Solid Metal Easily cracks 16. Draw a picture of the process in the mantle that moves the tectonic plates. • 17. What is the difference between a convergent and divergent boundary? • Divergent – moving apart • Convergent – moving together 15. Name one piece of evidence Wegener used to support his continental drift theory. 1. Identical fossils were found on distantly separated continents. 2. Climate data suggested cold-weather continents had once been tropical. 3. The outlines of the continents fit together like puzzle pieces. 18. Which type of fault occurs along a transform boundary? • Strike-slip faults occur along transform boundaries. 19. Seafloor spreading forms what underwater mountain range? • Seafloor spreading forms the mid-ocean ridge. 20. What are the two types of seismic waves? • P-waves travel faster and compress and expand along the wave. • S-waves travel more slowly and move up and down and side to side. 21. What is the origin of the earthquake called? 22. Why do earthquakes and volcanoes often occur in the same areas? • Both earthquakes and volcanoes are found along plate boundaries where friction causes rock to melt and the crust to crack and move.