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Transcript
Kingdom: Monera
General characteristics



Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles)
Most are unicellular (some live in colonies)
Nobody seems to be able to agree on how
they should be grouped!! (eek)
Phylum: Schizophyta
•
Largest group, contains common bacteria
and Eubacteria
•
Most are heterotrophs (take in food)
•
Some are autotrophs (make their own
food)
•
Basic shapes:
–
–
–
–
Bacilli: rod shaped
Spirilli: spiral or double helix
Cocci: circular
Long chains called streptococci
Phylum: Cyanophyta
•
The “Blue- green” algae
•
Actually contains many pigments. Colours
can range from blue to red to black
•
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
•
Are found in hotsprings, polluted water,
swimming pools (make rocks and pool
walls very slick)
Phylum: Prochlorophyta
•
Photosynthetic microbes which live in
marine organisms
Phylum: Archaebacteria
•
Methanogens: bogs, swamps, sewage
plants
•
Halophiles: high salt areas (the dead sea)
•
Thermophiles: likes acidic/hot (hot springs)
Nutrition: how monera “eat”
•
Heterotrophs: get food from others
– Parasites get their food from living
organisms without killing the host
– Saprophytes get their food from the
dead (bacteria which break down
corpses or old trees)
•
Autotrophs: make their own food
– Photosynthesis: change light energy
into chemical energy
CO2 + H2O + sunlight --> glucose + O2
– Chemosynthesis: energy from
chemicals
CO2 + H2S --> (CH2O)n + H2O + S
Obtaining energy/respiration
•
Respiration
– Humans and animals have to breathe
to obtain O2 for respiration
– The purpose of respiration is to
release energy from food so we can
function
– Organisms which require oxygen for
respiration are called aerobes
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + energy
•
Fermentation
– Not all monerans require oxygen to
release energy from food
– These organisms go through
fermentation
– Less energy from fermentation than
respiration
glucose --> C2H5OH + CO2 + energy
•
Obligate anaerobes: need an environment
without O2 to live
•
Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or
without O2. (ex: E.coli in digestive tract)
Reproduction
•
Asexual: binary fission
– DNA doubles
– Cell splits in two (clones)
– Important for increasing numbers
•
Sexual: conjugation
– Cell to cell contact with a “cytoplasm
bridge”
– Small rings or genetic material
(plasmids) are transferred from donor
to recipient
– Allows for variation in bacteria
Effects of Bacteria
•
Harmful
•
– Disease (bubonic plague, strep throat)
– Food spoilage
Helpful
– Digestion
– Making yogurt and cheese
– Toxic/poison eating microbes (oil
spills)
– Recycling plants/animals in the
environment