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What is a gene and what is Gene Expression? A Gene is the molecular unit of heredity in a living organism! Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins. Gene Expression Operons Gene expression requires an operons! A segment of DNA to which a transcription factor can bind! Also called a lac operon The operon regulates gene expression! Control of Gene Expression Cells differ in which genes are being expressed It is based on cell function (nerve vs muscle) Levels of control in eukaryotes Transcriptional Post transcriptional Translational Post translational May rely on signals from outside or inside Don’t let this happen to you!! Types of Control Transcriptional control Determines the rate of transcription or if transcription even occurs The organization of chromatin (form that chromosomes take in non-dividing cells) Regulator proteins are called transcription factors Signals from inside/outside cell Types of Control Post transcriptional Involves process of mRNA Translational control Involves the ability of the mRNA to bind to ribosomes Post translational Involves changes needed for the polypeptide to become functional Polypeptide: long, continuous chain of amino acids Closing Question #1 Explain how gene expression plays a role in this scenario. At 21oC, a bread mold can often be seen growing on bread as a dark-colored mass. At 15oC the same bread mold can often be seen growing as a red mass. Closing Question 2 The chart shows the relationship between inherited genes, environment and the physical appearance of a sweet potato vine. Determine which gene is most influenced by environment and defend your answer. MUTATIONS Changes in DNA that affect genetic information Gene Mutations Point Mutations – changes in one or a few nucleotides Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT Gene Mutations Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform its function. Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T Deletion H THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT H Chromosome Mutations Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes Original Chromosome ABC * DEF Deletion AC * DEF Duplication ABBC * DEF Inversion AED * CBF Translocation ABC * JKL GHI * DEF Significance of Mutations • Most are neutral • Eye color • Birth marks • Some are harmful • Sickle Cell Anemia • Down Syndrome • Some are beneficial • Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria • Immunity to HIV What Causes Mutations? There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated: Mutations can be inherited. Parent to child Mutations can be acquired. Environmental damage Mistakes when DNA is copied Chromosome Mutations Down Syndrome Chromosome 21 does not separate correctly. They have 47 chromosomes in stead of 46. Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of inteligence. Chromosome Mutations Cri-du-chat Deletion of material on 5th chromosome Characterized by the cat-like cry made by cri-du-chat babies Varied levels of metal handicaps Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY, XXYY, XXXY Male Sterility Small testicles Breast enlargement Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XYY Syndrome Normal male traits Often tall and thin Associated with antisocial and behavioral problems Sex Chromosome Mutations Turner’s Syndrome X Female sex organs don't mature at adolescence sterility short stature Sex Chromosome Mutations XXX Trisomy X Female Little or no visible differences tall stature learning disabilities limited fertility Some mutations even make it on SNL!