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When two or more atoms bond together, a/an __________ is formed. A. Cell B. Ion C. Organelle D. Molecule [Default] [MC Any] [MC All] Biochemistry Intro Notes • We are going to start studying life on the smallest level, a level so small you cannot even see with a regular microscope… • A Molecular Level…. • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space • Matter is made up of different elements (periodic table) – Does the air in this room contain matter? Why? Elements • Elements are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom. • Elements are represented by one or two letter chemical symbol. – What chemical symbol represents carbon? Helium? Which of the following contains only one element? A. NaCl B. C6H12O6 C. H2O2 D. O2 [Default] [MC Any] [MC All] Main Elements in Living Matter • 90% of all living matter is composed of just 4 elements –Carbon C –Hydrogen H –Oxygen O –Nitrogen N –97% with Phosphorous (P) and Sulfur (S) Atoms necessary for life Molecules • Molecules form when two or more atoms bond or associate together • Molecules have different properties than the elements that make them up. Sodium (Na+) Chlorine (Cl-) (gas) + Table Salt (NaCl) Practice • Which of the following are molecules? • • • • H2SO4 CO2 H 2O O2 How many atoms are in H2SO4 7 0.0 Chemical Reactions • Chemical reactions rearrange bonds – Nothing is created nor destroyed, just rearranged • Reactants products Practice • What are the reactants? 1. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 2. 2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2 • What are the products? 1. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2. 4H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) Metabolic Reactions • Catabolic reactions: • Break down complex molecules into smaller ones • Releases energy • Forms waste • Fuels anabolic reactions • Ex. Digestion, cellular respiration • Anabolic reactions: • Build complex molecules from simpler ones • Needs an energy input • Necessary for growth • Ex. Protein synthesis, photosynthesis Catabolic fuels anabolic Solutions • Your cells and the fluid surrounding your cells is a solution • Solution = solute + solvent • Solute = the molecules dissolved in the solvent • Solvent= what dissolves the solute • Ex) saltwater is a solution made of salts (solute) and water (solvent) • Water is the most common solvent Water, H2O, is essential for all life on earth Properties of water • Water is a polar molecule – Has uneven sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen • Because water is polar, it forms weak bonds (called hydrogen bonds)between individual water molecules Properties of water • Because water is polar and can form hydrogen bonds between molecules, water has important properties as a result: – Cohesion • Can stick to other water molecules – Adhesion • Sticks to other polar molecules – High specific heat • Takes a lot of energy to change temperature – Universal solvent • Can dissolve all polar substances Water. Its important! • Water transfers dissolved nutrients and waste throughout a living system • Water dissolves molecules such as salts into ions which are used in various cellular activities • High specific heat allows for thermoregulation. • Evaporation of water releases sufficient heat to cool down an organism • Chemical reactions occur in water due to water’s ability to dissolve/break apart the reactants and bring the products together • Living tissues are ~ 70% water by weight, 25% biomolecules, 5% ions and small molecules Organic molecules • Organic molecules- molecules that contain carbon atoms – Exceptions: carbon dioxide (CO2), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and plastics • Biomolecules – organic molecules built and used in living organisms • Organisms are “organic” meaning carbon based Organic molecules Molecule with all atoms shown Same molecule with carbon chain not shown Every point has a carbon atom Organic molecules • Glucose is an organic molecule • Formula: C6H12O6 • Forms a ring structure when placed in water • Ring structure diagram does not directly show carbon atoms. One atom at each point. Biomolecules • The 4 main classifications of biomolecules are • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids How are biomolecules made or broken down? • Through chemical reactions: – Sucrose Glucose + Fructose – Amino acid + amino acid Polypeptide Biomolecule formation • Monomer – a molecule that tends to link with other molecules of its kind to form a chain • Polymer – a large molecule made up of repeating monomers – Monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer • The four main biomolecules each have monomers and polymers Biomolecule formation • Polymers are built through dehydration synthesis (or condensation) reactions which bond two monomers together • Polymers are broken down into individual monomers through hydrolysis reactions • In digestion, the polymers in your food are broken down through hydrolysis and then rebuilt through dehydration reactions in your cells • Dehydration (condensation) reaction summary: • Monomer + monomer polymer + H2O • An OH group from the end of one monomer bonds with a H from the end of another monomer • A water molecule is lost from the reactants and is formed as a product (condenses out) • A bond is formed between the 2 open atoms on each end of the monomers to form a polymer Dehydration/condensation 30 • • • • Polymer decomposition through hydrolysis H2O + polymer monomer + monomer A water molecule is added to break the bond The OH group from the water molecule bonds with the end of one monomer and the H bonds with the end of the other monomer • This breaks the bond between the two monomers Polymers • The properties of polymer molecules are determined by the individual monomers and their arrangement Practice 1. Is this hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? a) b) Draw it out • Draw 3 monomers joining together in a bond through dehydration synthesis. • Draw 1 polymer breaking apart to 3 separate monomers through hydrolysis.