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Energy for Metabolic Reactions • Energy is the ability to do work. It cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. •_____________________________________________ is the process that uses the energy from glucose to make ATP, the form of energy that a cell can use. As bonds are broken in glucose, the energy released is used to form bonds in the ATP molecule. 1 ATP Molecules • ATP (___________________________________________) has three parts: • An adenosine molecule • A ribose molecule • Three phosphate molecules in a chain – •The ___________ phosphates of ATP have high energy bonds. When each of these bonds is broken, energy is released . 2 Cellular Respiration •Chemical equation: _______________________________________________________ • Includes: Anaerobic reactions (do not require O2) - produce little ATP Aerobic reactions (require O2) - produce most of the ATP • Occurs in a series of reactions: 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) 3. Electron transport chain 3 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration that occurs in the Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glucose High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (H+) 2 ATP Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid Cytosol __________________________. •Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Mitochondrion High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (h+) CO2 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetic acid •Yields _______ ATP molecules Citric acid High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (H+) 2 CO2 2 ATP per _______________________ molecule Electron transport chain 32-34 ATP O2 – + 2e + 2H H2O 4 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain • If oxygen is available – pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis enters the Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glucose High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (H+) ______________________________: 2 ATP Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid Cytosol 2. Citric Acid Cycle – Two turns of the cycle produce ____________________________. Mitochondrion High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (h+) CO2 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetic acid 3. Electron Transport Chain – uses the high energy ___________________ produced in glycolysis and citric acid cycle to make _________ATP. Oxygen is required as the final ________________________________. Citric acid High energy electrons (e–) and hydrogen ions (H+) 2 CO2 2 ATP Electron transport chain 32-34 ATP O2 – + 2e + 2H H2O 5 Summary of Carbohydrate Metabolism •Carbohydrate molecules from food can enter: * Catabolic pathways for energy production * Anabolic pathways for storage as ___________________ (in the liver and muscle), conversion to fat and stored, or conversion to amino acids. Carbohydrates from foods Hydrolysis Monosaccharides Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways Energy + CO2 + H2O Glycogen or Fat Amino acids 6