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Nutrition of Companion Animals – 2
March 13, 2013
M.E. Persia
Iowa State University
4/16/2012
Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats
• NRC for Domestic Cat (National Research Council)
– National Academies
• www.nap.edu = $265.50
• AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control
Officials)
– www. aafco.org = $50.00
NRC Presentation of Requirements
• Expressed relative to ME
– ME determines the amount of food consumed.
– If energy density of the diet changes, nutrients don’t change if expressed
on an ME basis.
– 4,000 Kcal per Kg.
• Accounts for variation among diets in ME
• Expressed relative to MBW
– Limitation in that it’s based on calculations from assumptions
• 15 Kg dog consuming 1,000 Kcal daily = maintenance
• 5.5 Kg puppy consuming 1,000 Kcal daily = growth
• 22 Kg lactating female with 8 puppies consuming 5,000 Kcal daily = lactation
– Expressed as a factor of Metabolic Body Weight (MBW):
• BWKg 0.75 for dogs
• BWKg 0.67 for cats
Why basing on ME is more ideal
Energy Density of Diet,
(Kcal of ME per Kg)
To consume 240 Kcal
4,000 (4.0 Kcal/g)
3,000
Amount feed to meet energy (g)
60 = (240 Kcal/4
Kcal/g)
80
If nutrient density is the same 0.008 g/g food
0.48
0.64
Adjusted nutrient concentration (g)
0.008
0.006 = 0.48 /
80
Nutrient requirement 0.48 g/day
To correct when you don’t have a 4,000 Kcal diet:
(Nutrient requirement x Kcal of ME in diet) / 4,000 = adjusted requirement
•= (0.48 g /day x 3,000 Kcal)/4000 Kcal = 0.36 g / day
•Can also be done on an individual basis
Canine Nutrient Recommended Allowances - Dogs
(2006, NRC)
Nutrient
Amt/Kg DM
(4000 Kcal)
Amt/1,000
Kcal
Amt/MBW
(Kg0.75)
Protein (g)
Fat (g)
Vitamin A, (RE)
Vitamin D (ug)
Vitamin E (mg)
Calcium (g)
Phosphorus (g)
100
55
1,515
13.8
30
4.0
3.0
25
13.8
379
3.4
7.5
1.0
0.75
3.28
1.8
50
0.45
1.0
0.13
0.10
Feline Nutrient Recommended Allowances
(2006, NRC)
Nutrient
Amt/Kg DM
(4000 Kcal)
Amt/1,000
Kcal
Amt/MBW
(Kg0.67)
Protein (g)
Fat (g)
Vitamin A, (RE)
Vitamin D (ug)
Vitamin E (mg)
Calcium (g)
Phosphorus (g)
Taurine (g)
200
90
1,000
7
38
2.9
2.6
0.40
50
22.5
250
1.75
10
0.72
0.64
0.10
4.96
2.2
24.7
0.17
0.94
0.071
0.063
0.010
How much to feed: energy requirements
• Based on resting energy requirement (RER)
modified by a factor to account for activity
and/or production and is a function of Metabolic
Body Size.
• Large animals produce
more heat per unit of
body weight (surface area)
Body surface area became
standard for determining
energy requirements
Problems with Body Surface Area
• Same weight – different shape
• Larger issue with dogs than cats
How much to feed
• Using RER
– 70 + 30 (BWKg)
– 70 (BWkg) 0.75
– 97 (BWkg) 0.67
Why that one?
• Accounts a bit better for size
differences in dogs
• Works well for other other
species – frequently used
• Well accepted
• NRC Method
– Dog: 95 – 200 x BW Kg 0.75 (common factor is 130)
• Tends to overestimate ME requirement
– Cats: 50 – 150 x BW Kg 0.67
Cats – Using RER
• Maintenance
– 1.1 – 1.6 x RER
– Weight loss = 0.8 x RER
• Gestation
– 2 x RER at parturition
• Lactation
–
–
–
–
–
Week 1-2 = RER + 30% per kitten
Week 3 = RER + 45% per kitten
Week 4 – RER + 55% per kitten
Week 5 = RER + 65% per kitten
Week 6 = RER + 90% per kitten
• Growth
– RER x 2.5
Dogs
•
•
•
•
•
Maintenance
– 1 – 1.8 x RER
Work
– 1.3 – 16 x RER
– 16 x RER = sled dogs (Iditirod)
• Up to 11,000 Kcal day
Gestation
– Last 20 days = 2-3 x RER
Lactation
– 1 puppy = 3 x RER
– 2 puppies = 3.5 x RER
– 3 puppies = 4.0 x RER
– 4 puppies = 5.0 x RER
– 7-8 puppies = 5.5 x RER
– >9 puppies = 6 x RER
Growth
– Weaning to 4 months = 3 x RER
– 4 months to 80% adult weight = 2 x RER
– Less for large breed – control growth
Feed to Ideal Body Condition
Determining ME in Diets
• Metabolism trials – collection of urine and feces:
Determine GE, DE, and ME
• Modified Atwater values
– Most accurate values to use when known nutrients:
• 9.4 Kcal / gram = Crude fat
• 4.4 Kcal / gram = Protein
• 4.2 Kcal /gram = digestible carbohydrate (CHO) = (no crude
fiber)
Determining ME in foods
• Apply digestibility coefficients use “modified”
Atwater values from AAFCO.
• If not known, estimates for dogs and cats are:
– 80% for protein = 3.5 Kcal / g (4.4 x 0.80) = 3.5 Kcal
– 90% for fat = 8.5 Kcal / g (9.4 x 0.90) = 8.5 Kcal
– 84% for CHO = 3.5 Kcal / g (4.2 x 0.84) = 3.5 Kcal
Carnivore Unique Requirements
• Obligate or True carnivores (Cats)
– Protein requirements for cats are 2-5
times greater than omnivores.
• Cat NRC 2006 protein = 50 g/1000 kcal
• Dog NRC 2006 protein = 25 g/1000 kcal
CATS – they are just special
• High protein requirement
• Specific requirement for amino acids:
– Arginine (1.93 g / 1,000 Kcal ME)
– Taurine (0.10 g / 1,000 Kcal ME)
– Phenylalanine and tyrosine (black cats)
•
•
•
•
Fatty Acid: Arachidonic Acid (0.015 g / 1,000 Kcal ME
Vitamin A: 833 IU / 1,000 Kcal ME
Vitamin D: 70 IU / 1,000 Kcal ME
Inability to convert tryptophan to niacin
10 mg / 1,000 Kcal ME
Protein Metabolism – The Urea Cycle
Cats can not down regulate this cycle. It moves at a constant rate, always breaking down
protein to supply the nitrogen to the urea cycle.
NH 3+
Urea
Ornithine
Citrulline
Arginine
Arginosuccinate
– When we eat a high protein diet:
• High liver metabolic enzyme activity
• High amino acid breakdown
• High nitrogen disposal
• High rate of gluconeogenesis
• Advantage of this metabolic adaptation:
Catabolize excess amino acids and
remove excess nitrogenous wastes
Black Cats
phenylalanine
• Higher requirement for
– Phenylalanine
– Tyrosine
• Black color is determined by
the proportion of Eumelanin
(black pigment) to
Pheomelanin
(red-brown pigment)
• Requirement of 3.8 g/1,000 kcal
• Anderson et al. J.Nutr.132:
2037-2042, 2002
Why taurine?
• What is taurine?
– Free amino acid found in tissues
• Where is it found?
Cysteine
Pyruvate
– Heart (myocardium)
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
– Eye (retina)
• Feline central retinal degeneration
– Requirement
(2006, NRC) = 0.10 g / 1, 000 Kcal
Taurine
Arginine – Cat Requirement
• Critical for urea cycle and ammonia handling
Cats do not make
arginine at a quick
enough rate to keep
up with nitrogen
handling. Arginine
deficiency will cause
hyperammonemia
Urea
Ornithine
Citrulline
Arginine
Arginosuccinate
Arachidonic acid
• What is it?
– Fatty acid
– Requirement for cats = 0.015 g/1,000
kcal
– Synthesized from linoleic acid
• Deficiency of arachidonic acid
– Poor growth, hair loss, rough hair
coat, poor immunity, slow healing,
skin lesions, fatty livers.
– Source: animal fats
Dogs and Cats Require LA: Cats specifically require Arachidonic
Acid
• Conversion of the substrate linoleic acid to
arachidonic acid
Linoleic Acid
Δ-6-desaturase
Dihomo-Gamma-Linoleic Acid
Gamma-Linoleic Acid
Δ-5-desaturase
elongase
Arachidonic Acid
Adapted from table in “Fats You Need – Essential Fatty Acids.”
– Two enzymatic reactions
• Desaturation and elongation
– Cats are unable to make this conversion
• Lack the proper enzymes
Vitamins (A, D, niacin)
• Most mammals synthesize or convert compounds to active
forms of vitamins A, D, and niacin.
– Tryptophan conversion to niacin.
– Limited vitamin D conversion in skin.
– Limited conversion of carotenoid to A.
• Very high concentrations of vitamins in liver.
Diet Decisions and Alternatives
• Commercial Diets
• Alternative Diets
– Whole prey
– Raw
• Mixed of above
Client Reasons for Alternative Diets
•
•
•
•
•
Natural ingredients
Unprocessed
Control of ingredients
Control of formulations
Provide appropriate amounts of dietary water
– Cats: Prey = 70% water; Kibble = 10% water. Impact on kidneys?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Palatability
Increased digestibility – less excrement to clean up
Less fecal odor (putrefactive compounds in feces)
Easy to manipulate
Can be specifically matched to natural history and requirements
Beneficial probiotic strains, natural enzymatic activity of meat
Whole Prey (total nutrient package):
Where do nutrients come from
Hides, fur, hooves, connective Muscle = protein (amino
tissue = provide minerals
acids), fat (fatty acids),
(Zn); fiber; dental health,
energy
natural glucosamine
Blood = protein, fat, energy,
vitamins (heart), water
Organs = vitamins (A, D),
protein, fat, energy, taurine,
carbohydrates, fiber
Bones = Minerals (calcium;
dental health)
Alternative diet formulation concerns
• Bacteria
• Poorly formulated
–Minerals (Ca, P, Zn, Cu, I)
–Vitamins (Fat soluble vitamins,
choline)
• “Diet Drift”
Issues with Raw Diets: Bacterial Contamination
• Typical home-made raw or zoo formula
1,000,000 cfu
• Purchased commercial raw (HPP)
10,000 cfu
• Fresh kill whole prey (elk)
5,500,000 cfu
• Whole prey (rodent)
2,000,000 cfu
• Considerations
– Salmonella - poultry
– E. coli
• Problematic for
–
–
–
–
Geriatric animals
Antibiotic treatments
Immuno-compromised animals
Humans (Salmonella recalls are greater concern for people not pets)
Whole Prey Nutrients
Item
Dry matter
Raw
diet
39.0
Rat
Deer
30.2
Pig
36.9
28.9
---------------% DM-------------Organic Matter, %
94.8
89.3
86.2
88.1
Crude Protein, %
47.1
52.9
57.0
50.7
Fat, %
30.4
28.0
24.5
33.2
GE, kcal/g
6.5
5.9
5.6
5.8
Protein: Fat
1.5
1.9
2.3
1.5
Dierenfeld, 2002; Morris 2011 (unpublished lab data)
Domestic Cats – Diet Comparisons
Digestibility, %
Grain-free
Commercial
Kibble
Raw beef
diet
Cooked beef
diet
Dry matter
78.2
86.7
83.8
Protein
81.6
93.3
92.9
Fat
91.3
95.5
95.3
Kerr et al., 2011. Journal of Animal Science
Biological Research:
Comparison of Organic Matter digestibility (%) of chicken
based diets in African wildcats and domestic cats
Canned
Kibble
Raw Diet
Whole Prey
Nutrient Digestibility of extruded, raw, and cooked beef based
diets in domestic cats
Item
Extruded
Raw
Cooked
DM, %
78.2
86.7
83.8
OM, %
83.9
90.5
88.5
Protein, %
81.6
93.3
92.9
Fat, %
91.3
95.5
95.3
Energy, %
84.7
91.5
89.8