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• Nominal Value
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Alibaba Group Alipay
1
The 2010 transfer of Alipay's ownership
was controversial, with media reports in
2011 that Yahoo! and Softbank (Alibaba
Group's controlling shareholders) were not
informed of the sale for nominal value
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Failure mode and effects analysis Ground rules
1
All inputs (including software commands)
to the item being analyzed are present and
at nominal values.
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Chi-squared test Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population
The test statistic T in this instance
could be set to be the sum of squares
about the sample mean, divided by
the nominal value for the variance (i.e
1
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Types of business entity - Ireland
1
A public limited company. Must have at
least seven members. Liability is limited
to the amount, if any, unpaid on shares
they hold. Unlawful to issue any form of
prospectus except in compliance with
the Companies Acts 1963-2006. Nominal
value of Company's allotted share
capital must satisfy specified minimums
which must be fully paid before
company commences business or
exercises any borrowing powers.
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Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp - Flicker and color temperature
1
As the bulb ages, the color temperature reaches its
nominal value of around 5600 K or 6000 K
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Economy - Range
Alternate and long-standing
terminology distinguishes measures of
an economy expressed in real values
(adjusted for inflation), such as real
GDP, or in nominal values (unadjusted
for inflation).
1
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Loyalty marketing - Prizes
1
Prizes are promotional items—small toys,
games, trading cards, collectables, and
other small items of nominal value—found
in packages of brand-name retail products
(or available from the retailer at the time of
purchase) that are included in the price of
the product (at no extra cost) with the
intent to boost sales.
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E-carrier - The plesiochronous digital hierarchy
Based on the E1 signal, the ITUdefined a hierarchy of plesiochronous
signals that enables signals to be
transported at rates of up to 140 Mbit/s.
This section describes the
characteristics of this hierarchy and the
mechanism for dealing with
fluctuations in respect to the nominal
values of these rates, which are
produced as a consequence of the
tolerances of the system.
1
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E-carrier - Justification opportunity bits
The task of the justification
opportunity bits (R-bits) is to be
available as extra bits that can be used
when the rate of the incoming
tributaries is higher than its nominal
value (within the margin specified by
ITU-T) by an amount that makes this
necessary. In this case, the
opportunity bit is no longer mere
stuffing, but becomes an information
bit instead.
1
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Economics
At the level of an economy, theory and
evidence are consistent with a positive
relationship running from the total money
supply to the nominal value of total output
and to the general price level. For this
reason, management of the money supply
is a key aspect of monetary policy.
1
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Prize (marketing)
1
Prizes are promotional items—small toys,
games, trading cards, collectables, and
other small items of nominal value—found
in packages of brand-name retail products
(or available from the retailer at the time of
purchase) that are included in the price of
the product (at no extra cost) with the
intent to boost sales
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W. Edwards Deming - Overview
On the other hand, the Japanese car
parts were virtually identical to each
other, and much closer to the nominal
values for the parts – e.g., if a part was
supposed to be one foot long, plus or
minus 1/8 of an inch – then the
Japanese parts were all within 1/16 of
an inch
1
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Private currency - In other countries
1
Since starting in 2006, the "City Initiative
Karlsruhe" has issued the Karlsruher
which has no nominal value. Every coin
has the value of 50 Eurocents and is
primarily used in parking garages. As of
2009, 120 companies in Karlsruhe accept
the Karlsruher and usually grant a
discount when paid with it.
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Bill Gates - Personal life
Since 2000, the nominal value of his
Microsoft holdings has declined due to a
fall in Microsoft's stock price after the dotcom bubble burst and the multi-billion
dollar donations he has made to his
charitable foundations
1
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Globalization - International tourism
1
In 2010, international tourism reached
US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009,
corresponding to an increase in Real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
terms of 4.7%. In 2010, there were over
940 million international tourist arrivals
worldwide.
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Globalization - Capital flight
1
This can be particularly damaging when
the capital belongs to the people of the
affected country, because not only are the
citizens now burdened by the loss of faith
in the economy and devaluation of their
currency, but probably also their assets
have lost much of their Real versus
nominal value (economics)|nominal value
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List of highest-grossing franchises and film series
1
Included on the list are charts of the top
box-office earners (ranked by both the
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal and real value of
their revenue), a chart of high-grossing
films by calendar year, a timeline showing
the transition of the highest-grossing film
record, and a chart of the highest-grossing
film franchises and series
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List of highest-grossing franchises and film series
1
All grosses on the list are expressed in
US dollars at their nominal value,
except where stated otherwise.
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Ampere-hour
An ampere-hour is not a Units of
energy#Electricity|unit of energy. In a battery
system, for example, accurate calculation of
the energy delivered requires integration of
the power delivered (product of
instantaneous voltage and instantaneous
current) over the discharge interval.
Generally, the battery voltage varies during
discharge; an average value or nominal value
may be used to approximate the integration
of power.
1
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Market capitalization - Market cap terms
1
The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles
rather than in real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal dollars
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Opportunity cost
1
Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted
to monetary or financial costs: the Real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
cost of Production possibilities
frontier|output forgone, lost time, pleasure
or any other benefit that provides utility
(economics)|utility should also be
considered opportunity costs.
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Data sheet
1
Depending on the specific purpose, a data
sheet may offer an average value, a
typical value, a typical range, tolerance
(engineering)|engineering tolerances,or a
Real versus nominal value|nominal value.
The type and source of data are usually
stated on the data sheet.
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Indian rupee
1
The modern rupee is subdivided into 100
paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011
only 50-paise coins are legal tender.
Banknotes in circulation come in
denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100,
₹500 and ₹1000. Rupee coins are
available in denominations of ₹1, ₹2, ₹5,
₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹75, ₹100, ₹150 and ₹1000;
the coins for ₹20 and above are for
commemorative purposes only; the only
other rupee coin has a nominal value of
50 paise, since lower denominations
have been officially withdrawn.
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Dynamic demand (electric power) - The need for spinning reserve
The grid frequency is a system-wide
indicator of overall power imbalance. For
example, it will drop if there is too much
demand because generators will start to
slow down slightly. A Electrical
generator|generator in frequencyresponse mode will, under Real versus
nominal value|nominal conditions, run
at reduced output in order to maintain a
buffer of spare capacity. It will then
continually alter its output on a secondto-second basis to the needs of the grid
with droop speed control.
1
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Grid-connected photovoltaic power system - Anti-islanding
*'Passive:' The voltage and/or the
frequency change during the grid failure is
measured and a positive feedback loop is
employed to push the voltage and /or the
frequency further away from its nominal
value.
1
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Ionocraft - Mechanism
1
*k is the ion mobility coefficient of
air, measured in dimension
Mminus;1T2I (Nominal value
2·10minus;4m2Vminus;1sminus;1).
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Economies - Range
Alternate and long-standing
terminology distinguishes measures of
an economy expressed in Real versus
nominal value (economics)|real values
(adjusted for inflation), such as real
GDP, or in Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal values
(unadjusted for inflation).• Deardorff's
Glossary of International Economics,
search for [http://www1
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Bus bunching - Theory
1
Eventually these buses form a pair, one
right after another, and the service
deteriorates as the headway degrades
from its nominal value
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International travel
International tourism receipts (the
travel item of the balance of
payments) grew to trillion ( billion) in
2011, corresponding to an increase in
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real terms of 3.8% from
2010
1
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ISO container - Description
1
A typical container has doors fitted at
one end, and is constructed of
corrugated galvanised iron|corrugated
weathering steel. Containers were
originally wide by high, and either a
Real versus nominal
value#Measurement|nominal or long.
They could be stacked up to seven
units high. At each of the eight corners
are castings with openings for
twistlock fasteners. The standard
height is now 8' 6.
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AXIS - Acquisition by XL Axiata
1
XL is called the nominal value of shares
will pay an agreed and will pay part of
the debts and obligations of Axis.
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AXIS - Acquisition by XL Axiata
1
* Teleglobal will sell a 95 percent stake in
Axis to XL. Axis 100 percent of the value
of the company is valued at 865 million
U.S. dollars, with a note book AXIS net of
debt and cash position zero (cash free and
debt free). Payment rates will be used to
pay the nominal value of shares of Axis, as
well as paying debts and obligations of
Axis.
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Headlamp - Operation
# Continuous operation: all metal
salts are in the vapour phase, the arc
has attained its stable shape, and the
luminous efficacy has attained its
nominal value. The ballast now
supplies stable electrical power so the
arc will not flicker. Stable operating
voltage is 85 volts alternating
current|AC in D1 and D2 systems, 42
volts AC in D3 and D4 systems. The
frequency of the square-wave
alternating current is typically 400
1
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Stock market
1
The total world derivatives market has
been estimated at about $791trillion face
or nominal value, 11 times the size of the
entire world economy
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Index of economics articles - R
1
* Rate of return pricing – Rational choice
theory – Rational expectations – Rational
pricing – Reaganomics – Real Business
Cycle Theory – Real estate economics –
Real estate investor – Real versus
nominal value (economics) – Recession –
Regenerative Economic Theory –
Regression analysis – Remanufacturing
– Representative agent – Repugnancy
costs – Reserve currency – Ricardian
equivalence – Risk premium – Risk-free
bond – Risk-free interest rate – Road
pricing – Robin Hood effect
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Engineering drawing - Showing dimensions
1
All types of dimensions are typically
composed of two parts: the nominal
value, which is the ideal size of the
feature, and the tolerance, which
specifies the amount that the value
may vary above and below the
nominal.
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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics - Subject Index
#Value (economics)|Value and Capital
(economics)|Capital: competition, utility,
consumer theory|consumers' demand,
Real versus nominal value|index numbers,
Production, costs, and pricing|production,
cost, supply, general equilibrium, Capital
(economics)|capital theory, Distribution
(economics)|distribution
1
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Flight of capital
1
This fall is particularly damaging when
the capital belongs to the people of the
affected country, because not only are
the citizens now burdened by the loss of
faith in the economy and devaluation of
their currency, but probably also their
assets have lost much of their Real
versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal value. This leads
to dramatic decreases in the purchasing
power of the country's assets and makes
it increasingly expensive to import
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and-Policy-MCCALLUM-1989 Preview.] Monetary economics provides a
framework for analyzing money in its functions as a medium of exchange, store
of value, and unit of account. It considers how money, for example fiat currency,
can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good.•
James Tobin, 1992. “money,” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and
Money, v. 2, pp. 770-79 in 2008, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.
2nd Edition.
1
[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?idpde2008_M000217qmoneytop
icidresult_number5 Table of Contents] and
[http://www.inomics.com/cgi/repec?handleRePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1013 Abstract.]
Reprinted in Tobin, 1996, Essays in Economics, v. 4, pp.
[http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dqotswFp
CRlGQ4NsigpwwA7_EBhkQn9Z2MP68wW1MxspAhleneiN5yoSbzyJJDQnQfq
uKTnDwsaXoibook_resultresnum7ctresult#PPA139,M1 139][http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dq
and to distinguish valid nominal
value|nominal and real monetary
relationships for micro or macro uses,
including their influence on the aggregate
demand for output.• Robert Clower, 1967
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Williamson's Model of Managerial Discretion - Managerial utility function
The variables expenditure on staff salary,
management slack, discretionary investments
can be assigned nominal values. Thus these
will be used as proxy variables to measure
the real or unquantifiable concepts like job
security, power, status, dominance, prestige
and professional excellence of managers,
appearing in the managerial utility function.E.
Narayanan Nadar, S. Vijayan (2009).
Managerial Economics, eastern economy
edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 42. ISBN
978-81-203-3720-6.
1
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National accounts - Scope
National accounts can be presented in
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal or real amounts, with
real amounts adjusted to remove the
effects of price changes over time.•
Amartya Sen, 1979
1
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Encoded - Other
There are codes using colors, like
traffic lights, the Electronic color
code|color code employed to mark
the nominal value of the
Resistor|electrical resistors or that of
the trashcans devoted to specific types
of garbage (paper, glass, biological,
etc.)
1
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Gramophone record - Early speeds
1
By 1925, the speed of the record was
becoming standardized at a Real versus
nominal value|nominal value of 78rpm
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Reinforced Concrete Pipe - Sizes
1
*'For pipe sizes less than NPS 14inch
(DN 350),' both methods give a nominal
value for the OD that is rounded off and
is not the same as the actual OD. For
example, NPS 2inch and DN 50 are the
same pipe, but the actual OD is . The
only way to obtain the actual OD is to
look it up in a reference table.
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Airbreathing jet engine - Terminology
1
In many cases, instead of expressing Nspeeds (N1, N2) as a sheer RPM on
cockpit displays, pilots are provided with
the N-speeds expressed as a percentage
of a nominal or maximal value. For
example, at full power, the N1 might be
101.5% or 100%. This user interface
decision has been made as a human
factors consideration, since pilots are
more likely to notice a problem with a twohttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Transmission control unit - Throttle position sensor (TPS)
The TCU can also reference this
information with the vehicle speed sensor
to determine vehicle acceleration and
compare this with a nominal value; if the
actual value is much higher or lower (such
as driving uphill or towing a trailer) the
transmission will change its gearshift
patterns to suit the situation.
1
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Ecuadorian sucre - History
1
After the price of silver rose above the
nominal value of most silver coins in
the 1930s, Ecuador embargoed the
export of silver (May 17, 1935)
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Government debt - Implicit debt
1
A problem with these implicit government
insurance liabilities is that it is hard to cost
them accurately, since the amounts of
future payments depend on so many
factors. First of all, the social security
claims are not open Bond (finance)|bonds
or debt papers with a stated time frame,
time to maturity, nominal value, or net
present value.
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Beale number - Estimating Stirling power
1
To estimate the power output of an engine,
nominal values are assumed for the Beale
number, pressure, swept volume and
frequency, then the power is calculated as
the product of these parameters, as
follows:
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Public limited company - Share capital
There is a minimum share capital for
public limited companies: Before it can
start business, it must have allotted shares
to the value of at least £50,000. A quarter
of them, £12,500, must be paid up. Each
allotted share must be paid up to at least
one quarter of its nominal value together
with the whole of any premium.
1
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West number
1
To estimate the power output of a new
engine design, nominal values are
assumed for the West number,
pressure, swept volume and frequency,
and the power is calculated as follows:
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UTC - Rationale
1
Near the end of the 20th century, with
the LOD at 1.3ms above the nominal
value, UTC ran faster than UT by
1.3ms per day, getting a second ahead
roughly every 800 days
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Taguchi methods - Parameter design
1
Once the concept is established, the
nominal values of the various
dimensions and design parameters
need to be set, the detail design phase
of conventional engineering
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Production Part Approval Process - PPAP elements
# 'Initial Process Studies' Usually this
section shows all Statistical process
control|Statistical Process Control charts
affecting the most critical characteristics.
The intent is to demonstrate that critical
processes have stable variability and that
is running near the intended nominal
value.
1
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Trustee Savings Bank - Early history of the trustee savings banks
1
An essential feature of a savings bank
in the UK was that deposit
account|depositors should have a
guarantee of the nominal value of
their savings, so that these could be
withdrawn at their full value with
interest no matter how long the
deposit
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Christie's - Notable auctions
1
*On 12 November 2013, Francis Bacon
(artist)|Francis Bacon's Three Studies of
Lucian Freud sold for 142.4 million
(including the buyer's premium) to an
unnamed buyer, Real versus nominal
value (economics)|nominally becoming
List of most expensive paintings|the most
expensive work of art ever to be sold at
auction.
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Random variable - Moments
For example, for a categorical
variable|categorical random variable X
that can take on the nominal
data|nominal values red, blue or green,
the real-valued function [X = \text] can
be constructed; this uses the Iverson
bracket, and has the value 1 if X has the
value green, 0 otherwise
1
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Derivative (finance) - Size of market
1
And for one type of derivative at least,
Credit Default Swaps (CDS), for which
the inherent risk is considered high,
the higher, nominal value, remains
relevant. It was this type of derivative
that investment magnate Warren
Buffet referred to in his famous 2002
speech in which he warned against
weapons of financial mass
destruction. CDS notional value in
early 2012 amounted to $25.5 trillion,
down from $55 trillion in 2008.
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US GAAP - Assumptions
1
* 'Monetary Unit principle:' assumes a
stable currency is going to be the unit
of record. The FASB accepts the
nominal value of the US Dollar as the
monetary unit of record unadjusted for
inflation.
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Inflation
Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to
fluctuations in real versus nominal value
(economics)|real demand for goods and services,
or changes in available supplies such as during
scarcity|scarcities, as well as to changes in the
velocity of money supply measures; in particular
the MZM (Money Zero Maturity) supply
velocity.Oliver Hossfeld (2010)
[http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/for
schungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFER
WP_2010-4.pdf US Money Demand, Monetary
Overhang, and Inflation Prediction] International
Network for Economic Research working paper no
1
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Inflation - History
1
For instance, when gold was used as
currency, the government could
collect gold coins, melt them down,
mix them with other metals such as
silver, copper or lead, and reissue
them at the same Real versus nominal
value (economics)|nominal value
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Inflation - Causes
The quantity theory of money|quantity
theory of inflation rests on the quantity
equation of money that relates the money
supply, its velocity of money|velocity, and
the nominal value of exchanges
1
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Inflation - Monetarist view
1
:Q is an index of the real versus nominal value
(economics)|real value of final expenditures;
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Real income
1
Real variables, such as real income, real
GDP, and real interest rate are Variable
(mathematics)|variables that are
measured in physical units, while Real
versus nominal value (economics)|nominal
variables such as nominal income
target|nominal income, nominal GDP, and
nominal interest rate are measured in
monetary units
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Matthew Boulton - Involvement with coinage
1
They purchase from the subterraneous
coiners 36 shillings'-worth of copper (in
nominal value) for 20 shillings, so that the
profit derived from the cheating is very
large.
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Real vs. nominal in economics
For example, changes in the nominal
value of some Good
(economics)|commodity bundle over time
can happen because of a change in the
quantities in the bundle or their associated
prices, whereas changes in real values
reflect only changes in quantities.
1
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Calculation
1
The nominal value of a commodity bundle
in a given year depends on both quantities
and then-current prices, namely, as a sum
of prices times quantities for the different
commodities in the bundle. In turn nominal
values are related to real values by the
following arithmetic definition:
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Calculation
1
:nominal value / real
value = (P x Q) / Q =
P.
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Calculation
1
:(nominal value / real
value) x 100 = P.
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
The nominal value of
the good would then be
price times quantity:
1
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
:nominal value of good
i = Pi x Qi = $5 x 10 =
$50.
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
Given only the nominal value and price, derivation of
a real value is immediate:
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
The price deflates (divides) the nominal value
to derive a real value, the quantity itself.
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Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
Similarly for a series of years, say five,
given only nominal values of the good
and prices in each year t, a real value
can be derived for each of the five
years:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
: real value in year t = (nominal value in year t) /
(price relative to base year) = Qit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
The following example generalizes from
an individual good to a bundle of goods
across different years for which P, a price
index comparing the general price level
across years, is available. Consider a
nominal value (say of an hourly wage rate)
in each different year t. To derive a realvalue series from a series of nominal
values in different years, one divides the
nominal wage rate in each year by Pt, the
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations
1
:real value in year t =
(nominal value in
year t) / Pt.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
South Sea Company - Conception of the Company
1
Commercially, since the lotteries were
discredited, some of the debt intended to
be consolidated under the scheme was
available in the open market before the
scheme was announced, at a discounted
rate of £55 per £100 nominal value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Wealth - Economic analysis
1
Wealth may be measured in Real versus
nominal value (economics)|nominal or real
values, that is in money value as of a
given date or adjusted to net out price
changes
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Saving - Saving in personal finance
1
In many instances the terms saving and
investment are used interchangeably.
For example many deposit accounts
are labeled as investment accounts by
banks for marketing purposes. To help
establish whether an asset is saving(s)
or an investment you should ask
yourself, where is my money invested?
If the answer is cash then it is
savings,if it is a type of asset which can
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Bond (finance) - Bond valuation
1
The market price is expressed
as a percentage of nominal
value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
The Wealth of Nations - Book I: Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers
of Labour
'Of the Real versus nominal value
(economics)|Real and Nominal Price of
Commodities, or of their Labour theory of
value|Price in Labour, and their Price in
Money:'
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic crises
1
The term 'financial crisis' is applied broadly
to a variety of situations in which some
financial assets suddenly lose a large part
of their nominal value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Paul Samuelson - Economics
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real Measures of
national income and output#GDP and
GNP|GNP parity between 1977 and
1995
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
IS–LM model - LM curve
1
Mathematically, the LM curve is defined by
the equation M/P=L(i,Y), where the supply
of money is represented as the Real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
amount M/P (as opposed to the nominal
amount M), with P representing the price
level, and L being the real demand for
money, which is some function of the
interest rate i and the level Y of real
income
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Companies Act 2006 - Private companies
* Short notice of meetings - private
companies can convene meetings at short
notice where consent is given by holders
of 90% by nominal value of shares
carrying the right to vote.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Share capital
In its narrow, classical sense, still
commonly used in accounting, share
capital comprises the nominal values of all
shares issued (that is, the sum of their par
values)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
New Keynesian economics - Microfoundations of price stickiness
1
A key question posed is why should prices
adjust slowly? One common explanation
given by New Keynesians is the presence
of 'menu costs', meaning small costs that
must be paid in order to adjust Real
versus nominal value (economics)|nominal
prices
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Stagflation - Neoclassical views
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|Nominal factors like changes
in the money supply only affect nominal
variables like inflation
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real Business Cycle theory
1
According to RBC theory, business cycles
are therefore Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real in that they do not
represent a failure of Market
clearing|markets to clear but rather reflect
the most efficient possible operation of
the economy, given the structure of the
economy. RBC theory differs in this way
from other theories of the business cycle
such as Keynesian economics and
Monetarism that see recessions as the
failure of some market to clear.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic equilibrium - Dynamic equilibrium
ISBN 0-262-20123-2 a dynamic
equilibrium would involve the price
level, the nominal money supply,
nominal Wage|wage rates, and all
other Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal values growing
at a single common rate, while all
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real values are
unchanging, as is the inflation rate.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Fictitious capital - Banking
Inasmuch as the Bank issues notes
that are not backed by the metal
reserve in its vaults, it creates tokens
of value that are not only means of
circulation, but also forms additional even if fictitious - capital for it, to the
nominal value of these fiduciary notes,
and this extra capital yields it an extra
profit.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Hyperinflation - Models
A dramatic increase in the velocity of
money as the cause of hyperinflation is
central to the crisis of confidence model of
hyperinflation, where the risk premium that
sellers demand for the paper currency
over the nominal value grows rapidly
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic data
1
In these examples data may be stated
in Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal or real values,
that is, in money or inflation-adjusted
terms
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
UK company law - Capital regulations
1
This has led to the criticism for at least
60 years that the rule is useless and
best abolished.See Gedge Committee,
Report of the Committee on Shares of
No Par Value (1954) Cmd 9112 and
Company Law Review Steering Group,
The Strategic Framework (1999) ‘the
requirement that shares should have a
nominal value has become an
anachronism.’
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
UK company law - Capital regulations
and an issue price of £1.The share
premium is the difference between
nominal value and issue price, in this
case 99 pence
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation
1
The International Swaps and Derivatives
Association reported in September 2006
that the outstanding nominal value of
swaps and derivatives at the end of June
2006 was $283 trillion - nearly ten times
the combined GDP of the US, Canada, the
EU, Japan, and China; or ten times the
value of total US home equity (each being
valued at about $34 trillion)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Upper middle class - Income
1
If middle class households earning
between the 50th percentile ($46,000)
and the 85th percentile ($62,500) tend
to live in lower cost of living areas,
then their difference in real income
may be Real versus nominal value
(economics)|smaller than what the
differences in nominal income
suggest.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Securitization - Pooling and transfer
1
For instance, a leasing company may
have provided $10m nominal value of
leases, and it will receive a cash flow
over the next five years from these
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic cycle
1
Business cycles are usually measured by
considering the growth rate of real versus
nominal value (economics)|real gross
domestic product. Despite being termed
wikt:cycle|cycles, these fluctuations in
economic activity can prove unpredictable.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Convertible bond - Types
1
They may offer coupon regular payments
during the life of the security and have a
fixed maturity date where the nominal
value of the bond is redeemable by the
holder
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Private company limited by shares
1
Limited by shares means that the company
has shareholders, and that the liability of the
shareholders to creditors of the company is
limited to the Capital (economics)|capital
originally invested, i.e. the nominal value of
the shares and any premium paid in return for
the issue of the shares by the company. A
shareholder's personal assets are thereby
protected in the event of the company's
insolvency, but money invested in the
company will be lost.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Private company limited by shares - Share capital
1
When a Limited Company is formed it
must issue one or more subscriber
shares to its initial members. It may
increase capitalisation by issue of
further shares. The issued share
capital of the company is the total
number of shares existing in the
company multiplied by the nominal
value of each share.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Private company limited by shares - Share capital
1
A company incorporated in England and
Wales can be created with any number of
shares of anything value, in any currency.
For example, there may be 10,000 shares
with a nominal value of 1p, or 100 shares
each of £1. In each case the share capital
would be £100.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic - Revaluation
1
This led to the fact which was given up
the A Mark is worth a Mark principle
recognized till then (nominal value
principle) because of the galloping
inflation
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic globalization - Capital flight
1
This can be particularly damaging when
the capital belongs to the people of the
affected country, because not only are the
citizens now burdened by the loss of faith
in the economy and devaluation of their
currency, but probably also their assets
have lost much of their Real versus
nominal value (economics)|nominal value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Limited liability - History
1
Shares with nominal values of up to
£1,000 were therefore subscribed to
with only a small payment, leaving
even a limited liability investor with a
potentially crushing liability and
restricting investment to the very
wealthy
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
History of macroeconomic thought
In general, early theorists believed
monetary factors could not have an impact
on Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real factors such as real
output
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
IS-LM Model - LM curve
Mathematically, the LM curve is
defined by the equation M/P=L(i,Y),
where the supply of money is
represented as the Real versus
nominal value (economics)|real
amount M/P (as opposed to the
nominal amount M), with P
representing the price level, and L
being the real demand for money,
which is some function of the interest
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of regions by past GDP (PPP)
These are 'lists of regions and
countries by their estimated Real
versus nominal value
(economics)|real gross domestic
product (GDP)' in terms of purchasing
power parity (PPP), the value of all
final goods and services produced
within a country/region in a given
year. GDP dollar (international dollar)
estimates here are derived from PPP
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Financialization - Futures markets
1
(Beginning in mid-1993, the Chicago
Mercantile Exchange itself began to
release figures of the nominal value of
contracts traded at the CME each
month
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Financialization - Futures markets
1
Another mitigating factors to consider is
that a commonly traded liquid asset such
as gold, wheat, or the SP 500 stock index
isn't going to have a value of $0 tomorrow,
next year, or in 10 years thus the counterparty risk is limited to something
substantially less than the nominal value.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Causes of the United States housing bubble - Speculative fever
The common solution has been to
create an equal and opposite contract,
often with a different party, in order to
net payments (Derivatives
market#Netting), thus eliminating all
but the counterparty risk of the
contract, but doubling the nominal
value of outstanding contracts.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of U.S. states by GDP
1
The figures are in millions of Real versus
nominal value (economics)|nominal
dollars, unadjusted purchasing power
disparities between the states
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita
This is a list of countries by Gross
National Income Per capita
income|per capita in 2012 at nominal
values, according to the Atlas Method,
an indicator of income developed by
the World Bank.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita
1
These are 'lists of regions and countries by
their estimated Real versus nominal
value|real gross domestic product (GDP)
per capita' in terms of purchasing power
parity (PPP), the value of all final goods
and services produced within a
country/region in a given year divided by
population size. GDP per capita dollar
(international dollar) estimates here are
derived from PPP estimates.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Polish property bubble
1
A peak in prices occurred in autumn
2008 as the average price of a square
meter of residential space in Poland
started to drop by 5% in nominal
value|nominal terms or 10% per year
in real terms.
[http://www.globalpropertyguide.co
m/Europe/Poland/Price-History
Recent history of Polish housing],
House Price History in Poland from
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
1973–74 stock market crash - Aftermath
All the main stock indexes of the
future G7 bottomed out between
September and December 1974,
having lost at least 34% of their value
in Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal terms, and 43%
in real terms
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Encilhamento - Execution
1
Since the new law tied to trade rights
to their nominal values, there was no
official oscillation of stock prices, and
consequently, no way to negocitate
them directly in the Stock Exchange in
order to both
Order_(exchange)#Stop_orders|mini
mize losses or Profit
maximization|maximize profits
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Deflation (economics)
Economists generally believe that
deflation is a problem in a modern
economy because it increases the Real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
value of debt, and may aggravate
recessions and lead to a deflationary
spiral.Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002) - Debt restructuring
The government reached an
agreement in 2005 by which 76% of the
defaulted bonds were exchanged for
others, with a nominal value of 25–
35% of the original and at longer
terms. In 2008, President Cristina
Fernández de Kirchner announced she
was studying a reopening of the
negotiations to gain agreement from
the remaining 24% of the debt.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
This article includes four 'lists of
countries of the world sorted by their
gross domestic product per capita at
nominal values'. This is the value of
all final goods and services produced
within a nation in a given year,
converted at market exchange rates to
current United States dollar|U.S.
dollars, divided by the average (or
mid-year) population for the same
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita
All figures are given in the national
currency, renminbi (CNY), and at
nominal values according to recent
exchange rates as well as according to
purchasing power parity (PPP)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Debt relief - Inflation
Inflation - the reduction in the nominal
value of currency - reduces the real value
of debts. While lenders take inflation into
account when they decide the terms of a
loan, unexpected increases in the rate of
inflation cause categorical debt relief.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP
1
Each province's GDP is listed in both the
national currency renminbi (CN ), and at
nominal values according to annual
average exchange rates and according to
purchasing power parity (PPP)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
1970s energy crisis - 1980s oil glut
The inflation adjusted Real versus
nominal value (economics)|real 2004
dollar value of oil fell from an average
of $78.2 per barrel in 1981 to an
average of $26.8 in
1986.[http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb26/Sp
readsheets/Table10_03.xls Oak Ridge
National Lab data]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Reserve (accounting)
1
:*share premium - amount paid by shareholders
for shares in excess of their nominal value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Money illusion
In other words, the numerical/face
value (nominal value) of money is
mistaken for its purchasing power (real
value)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Money illusion
1
*Social discourse, in formal media and
more generally, reflects some
confusion about Real versus nominal
value (economics)|real and nominal
value.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of countries by research and development spending
1
This is a 'list of countries by research
and development (RD) spending' in
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real terms and as per
latest data available.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
List of countries by research and development spending - List
Only those nations which annually
spend more than 100 million dollars
have been included. World's total Real
versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal RD spending
was approximately one trillion dollars
in
2010.http://royalsociety.org/uploaded
Files/Royal_Society_Content/Influenc
ing_Policy/Reports/2011-03-281
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real wages
1
This term is used in contrast to Real
versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal wages or
unadjusted wages
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Price of silver - Taxation
1
Other taxes such as capital gains tax
may apply for individuals depending on
country of residence (tax status) and
whether the asset is sold at increased
nominal value.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Philanthropist - Some large individual bequests
Note: These are
nominal values and
have not been
adjusted for inflation
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Debt of developing countries - Debt as a mechanism in economic crisis
1
Argentina finally got a deal by which 77%
of the defaulted bonds were exchanged by
others, of a much lower nominal value and
at longer terms
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Economic theory - Production, cost, and efficiency
1
Opportunity costs are not restricted to
monetary or financial costs but could be
measured by the Real versus nominal
value (economics)|real cost of
Production-possibility
frontier#Opportunity cost|output
forgone, leisure, or anything else that
provides the alternative benefit
(utility).The Economist, Economics A-Z,
[http://www.economist.com/research/E
conomics/searchActionTerms.cfm?quer
y=OPPORTUNITY+COST Opportunity
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Economic theory - Inflation and monetary policy
1
At the level of an economy, quantity theory
of money|theory and evidence are
consistent with a positive relationship
running from the total money supply to the
nominal value of total output and to the
general price level
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Griqualand West - Diamond fields
1
A paper currency had been instituted, and
the notes, known as bluebacks, soon
dropped to less than half their nominal
value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
National Asset Management Agency - Transfer of derivatives portfolio to NAMA
1
The nominal value of this
derivative portfolio is €14.7
billion
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Neutrality of money
'Neutrality of money' is the idea that a
change in the stock of money affects only
real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal variables in the
economy such as prices, wages, and
exchange rates, with no effect on real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
(inflation-adjusted) variables, like
employment, real GDP, and real
consumption (economics)|consumption.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Tourism
International tourism receipts (the
travel item of the balance of
payments) grew to trillion ( billion) in
2011, corresponding to an increase in
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real terms of 3.8% from
2010
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Real GDP - Relationship with nominal GDP
1
nominal values in
economics
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Orange Free State - Diamonds discovered
1
A paper currency had been instituted,
and the notes, known as bluebacks,
soon dropped to less than half their
nominal value
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey - Aftermath
Consequently, the greater part of the
Greeks' real property was sold at nominal
value by the Turkish government
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Collectable - Collectables in commerce
1
Another use of collectables in retail is in
the form of Prize (marketing)|prizes (items
of nominal value packaged with or
included in the price of a retail product at
no additional cost) and Premium
(marketing)|premiums (items that can be
purchased by redeeming coupons,
boxtops, or Proof of purchase|proofs of
purchase from the product along with a
small fee to cover shipping and handling)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Primary Dealer Credit Facility
1
A full detail of the nominal value of loans
outstanding through the PDCF is available
in the Federal Reserve's public balance
sheet.[http://www.federalreserve.gov/relea
ses/h41/hist/h41hist6.pdf Federal
Reserve, factors supplying reserve
balances]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Rates (tax) - United States
In the US, real estate taxes which are
based on a percentage of the property's
actual or nominal value are referred to as
property taxes. The term rates is not used
in this context. Property taxes are the
prime funding method for local
government, and are normally the
responsibility of the property owner,
regardless of whether the property owner
lives on the property.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Hidden costs
Thus, opportunity costs are not
restricted to monetary or financial
costs: the Real versus nominal value
(economics)|real cost of Production
possibilities frontier|output forgone,
lost time, pleasure or any other
benefit that provides utility
(economics)|utility should also be
considered opportunity costs.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Tolerance (engineering) - Mechanical component tolerance
No machine can hold dimensions
precisely to the nominal value, so there
must acceptable degrees of variation
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Tolerance (engineering) - Electrical component tolerance
1
An electrical specification might call
for a resistor with a nominal value of
100 Ω (Ohm (unit)|ohms), but will also
state a tolerance such as ±1%. This
means that any resistor with a value in
the range 99 Ω to 101 Ω is acceptable.
For critical components, one might
specify that the actual resistance must
remain within tolerance within a
specified temperature range, over a
specified lifetime, and so on.
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LCH.Clearnet - Fixed Income
1
There are €12 trillion repo trades per month
(based on nominal value) cleared through
LCH.Clearnet.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Gone with the Wind (film)
Real versus nominal value
(economics)|Adjusted for inflation, it is still
the Highest-grossing films adjusted for
inflation|most successful film in box-office
history.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Velocity of money - Indirect measurement
1
:nT\, is the Real versus nominal value
(economics)|nominal value of aggregate
transactions in a given time frame.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
Velocity of money - Indirect measurement
(Given the classical dichotomy, nT
may be factored into a product P\cdot
T of a price level P and a 'Real versus
nominal value (economics)|real'
aggregate value of transactions T.)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
United States Note - The Legal Tender Acts
However, the end of the war found the
greenbacks trading for only roughly half of
their nominal value in gold.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html
NHL salary cap - 2004–05 negotiations
1
Notwithstanding the cap and the nominal
value of the players' contracts, the CBA
stipulates that a fixed percentage of total
league revenues (currently 57%) is to be
paid to the players each season
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Chinese coins - Wang Mang
1
* Da Quan Wu Shi () is
a round coin with a
nominal value of fifty
Wu Zhu.
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Chinese coins - Emperor Tai Zong (976-97)
* 'Chun Hua yuan bao' () (990-94).
Written in regular, running, and grass
script. There are also small and large
iron coins. They have a nominal value
of 10. In 991, 20,000 iron coins were
needed in the market for one roll of
silk. Permission was requested to
alter the casting to Value Ten coins in
the Imperial Script pattern. In one
year only 3,000 strings were cast. They
were not considered convenient, so
casting was stopped.
1
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Chinese coins - Emperor Zhen Zong (998-1022)
1
* 'Xiang Fu yuan bao' () (1008–16). Written
in regular script. They are made of bronze
or iron. They come in medium size and
large sizes. The large iron coins were cast
from 1014 to 1016 in Yizhou, Sichuan.
Their nominal value was 10 cash and
weight 3.2 qian.
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Effective aggregate demand
1
The Pigou effect states that a higher price
level implies lower Real versus nominal
value (economics)|real wealth and
therefore lower consumption
(economics)|consumption spending, giving
a lower quantity of goods demanded in the
aggregate
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Effective aggregate demand
Aggregate demand is expressed
contingent upon a fixed level of the real
versus nominal value (economics)|nominal
money supply
1
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Gross regional domestic product
1
The GRDP is usually presented in Real versus
nominal value (economics)|nominal and real terms
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Islamic banking - Introduction
When base metal currencies were first
introduced in the Islamic world, the
question of paying a debt in a higher
number of units of this fiat money being
riba was not relevant as the jurists only
needed to be concerned with the real
versus nominal value|real value of money
(determined by weight only) rather than
the numerical Value (economics)|value
1
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Britannia - Namesakes
1
* Britannia coins, a series of British
gold bullion coins issued since 1987,
which have nominal values of 100, 50,
25, and 10 Pound sterling|pounds.
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Economy of Lithuania - Development since the 1990s
Citizens were given investment
vouchers worth LTL 10.5 billion (USD
2.63 billion) in nominal value, which let
them participate in assets
selling.[http://www.euro.lt/old/ivykiai/vil
k_eng.pdf ] By October 1995, they were
used as follows: 65% for acquisition of
shares; 19% for residential dwellings;
5% for agricultural properties; and 7%
remained unused
1
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Aquitaine - Aquitaine after the Treaty of Verdun
After the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the
defeat of Pepin II and the death of
Charles the Bald, the Kingdom of
Aquitaine (subsumed in West Francia)
ceased to have any relevance and the
title of King of Aquitaine took on a
nominal value. In 1058, the Duchy of
Vasconia (Gascony) and Aquitaine
merged under the rule of William VIII,
Duke of Aquitaine.
1
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Rec. 601 - Signal format
For each 8 bit luminance sample, the
nominal value to represent black is 16 and
the value for white is 235
1
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Visual acuity - Definition
1
Normal visual acuity is commonly referred to
as 20/20 vision (even though acuity in
normally sighted people is generally higher),
the metric equivalent of which is 6/6 vision. At
20 feet or 6 meters, a human eye with
nominal performance is able to separate
contours that are approximately 1.75
millimetres|mm apart. A vision of 20/40
corresponds to lower than Real versus
nominal value|nominal performance, a vision
of 20/10 to better performance.
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Engagement - Betrothal
1
The betrothal is now generally part of the
Jewish wedding ceremony, accomplished
when the groom gives the bride the ring or
another object of at least nominal
value.See Talmud Nashim|Kiddushin,
Mishna 1:1 and the main article As
mentioned above, betrothal in Judaism is
separate from engagement; breaking a
betrothal requires a formal Get (divorce
document)|divorce, and violation of
betrothal is considered adultery.
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Engagement - Engagement rings
1
The latter case refers to betrothal (see
above) rather than engagement; one of
the three ways in which betrothal may be
accomplished in Judaism is by the
husband giving the bride money or an
object of at least nominal value
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Cyclohexane conformation - General
1
However, due to interactions between the
hydrogen atoms, the angles and bond
lengths of the actual chair forms are
slightly different from the nominal values
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Electrical discharge machining - Generalities
1
Thus the electrical proprieties of the
dielectric in the inter-electrodes
volume can be different from their
nominal values and can even vary
with time
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42 (number) - Mathematics
* Given 27 same-size cubes whose
nominal values progress from 1 to 27, a
3×3×3 magic cube can be constructed
such that every row, column, and
corridor, and every diagonal passing
through the center, is composed of 3
cubes whose sum of values is 42.
1
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National Bank Act - Background
1
Currency notes could be redeemed for
only a fraction of their nominal value
and land investors began to rely on
loans from abroad
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Diocletian - Currency and inflation
1
Since the nominal values of these new
issues were lower than their intrinsic
worth as metals, the state was minting
these coins at a loss
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Assignat - France
1
In the beginning of
1792, they had lost
most of their
nominal value
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Economic history of the Ottoman Empire - Finance
Borrowings were normally at 4 to 5
percent of the nominal value of the
bond, new issues however being sold
at prices well below these values
netted of commissions involved in the
issue, resulting in a much higher
effective borrowing rate – coupled
with a deteriorating financial
situation, the borrowing rate rarely
went below 10 percent after
1
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ISO containers - Description
1
A typical container has doors fitted at one
end, and is made of corrugated galvanised
iron|corrugated weathering steel.
Containers were originally wide by high,
and either a Real versus nominal
value#Measurement|nominal or long.
They could be stacked up to seven units
high. At each of the eight corners are
castings with openings for twistlock
fasteners. The standard height is now .
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Nominal value
1
For example, changes in the nominal
value of some Good
(economics)|commodity bundle over
time can happen because of a change
in the quantities in the bundle or their
associated prices, whereas changes in
real values reflect only changes in
quantities
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Empire of Brazil - Overview
1
In the period between 1820 and 1840,
Fausto says Brazilian exports had
doubled in volume and had tripled in
nominal value while the valuation
denominated in Pound sterling|Pounds
sterling increased by over 40%
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Boris Yeltsin - Privatization and the rise of the oligarchs
1
In late 1992, Yeltsin launched a program of
free vouchers as a way to give mass
privatization a jump-start. Under the program,
all Russian citizens were issued vouchers,
each with a nominal value of around 10,000
rubles, for purchase of shares of select state
enterprises. Although each citizen initially
received a voucher of equal face value, within
months most of them converged in the hands
of intermediaries who were ready to buy them
for cash right away.
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good.• James Tobin, 1992. “money,” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance
and Money, v. 2, pp. 770-79 in 2008, The New Palgrave Dictionary of
Economics. 2nd Edition.
[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?idpde2008_M000217qmoneytop
icidresult_number5 Table of Contents] and
[http://www.inomics.com/cgi/repec?handleRePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1013 Abstract.]
Reprinted in Tobin, 1996, Essays in Economics, v. 4, pp.
[http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dqotswFp
1
CRlGQ4NsigpwwA7_EBhkQn9Z2MP68wW1MxspAhleneiN5yoSbzyJJDQnQfq
uKTnDwsaXoibook_resultresnum7ctresult#PPA139,M1 139][http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dq
and to distinguish valid nominal
value|nominal and real monetary
relationships for micro or macro uses,
including their influence on the aggregate
demand for output.• Robert Clower, 1967
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Chi square test - Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population
The test statistic T in this instance
could be set to be the sum of squares
about the sample mean, divided by
the nominal value for the variance (i.e
1
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Poverty in Poland - Modern era
1
The report notes, however, that this is
mostly due to the fact that the nominal
value of poverty line in Poland has not
changed since 2006, thus ignoring
inflation
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Australian Defence Force - East Timor and after
1
The Government committed to improve
the ADF's capabilities by improving the
readiness and equipment of ADF units,
expanding the ADF and increasing Real
versus nominal value (economics)|real
Defence expenditure by 3% per
year;Thomson (2005b), p
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Par value - Stock
1
Thus, par value is the nominal value of
a security which is determined by the
issuing company to be its minimum
price
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Control moment gyroscope - International Space Station
1
Since the CMGs are momentum-exchange
devices, external control torques must be
used to desaturate the CMGs, that is,
bring the momentum back to nominal
value
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Crisis of the Third Century - Economic impact
Real versus nominal value|Real values
continued to be figured in gold coinage,
but the silver coin, the denarius, used for
300 years, was gone (1 pound of gold = 40
gold aureus|aurei = 1000 denarius|denarii
= 4000 sestertius|sestertii)
1
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1980s oil glut
The inflation adjusted Real versus
nominal value (economics)|real 2004
dollar value of oil fell from an average
of $78.2 in 1981 to an average of $26.8
per barrel in
1986.[http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb26/Sp
readsheets/Table10_03.xls Oak Ridge
National Lab data]
1
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Scenario Design Power
The 'thermal design power' ('TDP'),
sometimes called 'thermal design point',
refers to the maximum amount of heat
generated by the CPU, which the
computer cooling|cooling system in a
computer is required to
dissipation|dissipate in typical operation.
Rather than specifying CPU's real CPU
power dissipation|power dissipation, TDP
serves as the nominal value for designing
CPU cooling systems.
1
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Share Premium
'Capital surplus' is a term that
frequently appears as a balance sheet
item as a component of shareholders'
equity. Capital surplus is used to
account for that amount which a
company (law)|firm raises in excess of
the par value (nominal value) of the
shares (common stock).
1
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