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Practice Youtube Video • http://www.youtube.com/user/jafalks#p/c/4 F9A6AFC9FE69521/1/bleWRYGg6f8 • Watch all five clips • Flash multi-media presentation of the Gulf War • http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,42 3247,00.html Effects of the Gulf War Peace Treaty • What is the nature of and key clauses of Resolution 687 • Reducation, bias, TofV, Pro-Kuwait, mission creep, • Iraq military reduced (prevention) • Border expanded and recognized • Economic sanctions – WMD’s • Limitation to independence – Economy, no fly zones, compensation Loss of Life • 3,664 Iraqi civilians • 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel (estimates as high as 100,000) • 75,000 Iraqi soldiers wounded • United States: 148 deaths • Allies 358 deaths • Project on Defense Alternatives study Highway of Death • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhmXle ZXAr0 Environmental Damage Oil Spills • An estimated 11 million barrels of oil were intentionally released to the Arabian Gulf This is twice as large as the previous world record for an oil spill. More than 800 miles of Kuwait and Saudi Arabian beaches were oiled and marine wildlife was devastated. Depleted Uranium Weapons Uprisings • Kurdish rebels in North • Shi’a South • Dissatisfaction, opportunity, and false sense of support • 2 Million refugees • Safe Havens and no fly zones Uprisings • March 1991 Shiite and Kurdish uprisings • Largest rebellion Karbala (March 5-19) • US/Allied forces do not intervene (Video) "Iraqi Uprising of 1991 in Karbala" Migrant worker displacement • Yemen – voted against the UN resolution – 40% of GDP - remittances – Saudi and Kuwait expelled an estimated 800,000 workers. – Other GCC countries expel additional 50,000 • Palestinians – Kuwait – Saddam links Palestinians cause to invasion – Yasser Arafat seen as support of Iraq – Charges of collaboration by Palestinians living in Kuwait – Estimated 270,000 Palestinians deported US Government Report: KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER FEBRUARY 28, 1991 • “Palestinians face official harassment and deportation, some in possible violation of international law” • “reports of human rights violations in Kuwait increased in the months immediately following the withdrawal of Iraqi forces” US Government Report: KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER FEBRUARY 28, 1991 • Kuwait's pre-invasion population: “320,000 Palestinians…comprised the largest percentage of the noncitizen population, although many had actually been born in Kuwait or lived there for decades.“ • “To the best of Kuwait's ability, almost all of these expatriates will be driven out or refused permission to return.” US Government Report: KUWAIT HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER FEBRUARY 28, 1991 • “The country is still undergoing a ritual cleansing, ridding itself of any but the most pliant outsiders” • “Palestinians are at the mercy of what is widely regarded as a disorganized, inept and vindictive Kuwaiti government” • An example case cited in report: “(Name) was born in Kuwait, and was recently stopped and arrested at a Kuwaiti checkpoint with no reasons given. He was asked to confess to collaboration, severely beaten and held for 21 days. His father had lived in Kuwait for 40 years.” Economic effects on Saudi and Kuwait • Liquidation of foreign assets to pay for war • Saudi – 55 Billion • Kuwait – 150 Billion in war expenses and rebuilding UN sanctions • Security Council: Resolution 661 (Pre-war) and Resolution 687 (After War) • war reparations, foreign debt, WMDs, extended range ballistic missiles, prohibiting any support for terrorism Controversy • US Policy: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 • Effects of civilian population • Food for Oil Programme US Military Presence The U.S. decided to permanently station bases around the Gulf after 1991. Reasons: Enforce sanctions, no fly zone, protect the Golden Triangle (60% of known reserves in area highlighted in yellow) Palestine Peace Process • US commitment to break deadlock • Yasser Arafat – need to credibility and authority • Bush links US aid to Israel with settlement issue. • February 1992 – US stops 10 billion loan guarantee • June 1992 – Rabin and Labour form government Palestine Peace Process • Public – Washington talks • Secret – Oslo Talks • September 1993 – Signing of Oslo Accords On-going military operations • UN no fly zones • Weapons inspections On-going Military conflict • Desert Fox (1998) • Operation Southern Focus (2002) On-going Military conflict • The Second Gulf War (March 20, 2003)