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European Colonization of Africa Why Africa? • Stories of Africa’s great wealth are spread throughout western Europe (trade) • Missionaries and explorers are sent to Africa by various European countries • Natural resources - cash crops, minerals, land • Human resources – slaves for colonies Early Colonization • Brits establish Capetown as a “rest stop” between Europe & India (East India Co.) • Portuguese, British, Spanish, French set up forts along Africa’s west coast for trading purposes • Boers, Dutch farmers, come to southern Africa to farm Cecil Rhodes • British explorer/capitalist • Responsible for the failed Cape-Cairo railway project • Founder of the De Beers Mining Company • Owner of the British South Africa Company, which carved out Rhodesia for itself Atlantic Slave Trade • 1500s Spanish want more laborers for their colonies in the Americas • Slavery was not new to Africa (early kingdoms and Arabs enslaved Africans) • Created civil unrest on the continent – tribes would capture members of rival tribes and sell them to the slave traders • Triangle Trade (see map) peaks in 18th century • Europe sold cheap manufactured goods to Africans (cloth & guns) • Africa traded humans (slaves) • Middle Passage (journey b/w Africa & Americas – many slaves do not survive) • Slaves were sold to the colonists in exchange for cash crops • Cash crops would then be sold in Europe • Abolishing slavery • 1794 – France is first • Brits & other European countries follow suit • Demand for slaves in the US still high – so slave trade cont. (approx 1860s) Triangle Trade 1880’s THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA Who colonized where? The Scramble for Africa Click the name of the colonizing country to see a list of African colonial holdings • • • • • • • Benin Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Mali Mauritania Niger • • • • • • • Senegal Togo Cameroon Morocco Algeria Tunisia Central African Republic • • • • Chad Djibouti Gabon Republic of the Congo • Madagascar • Comoros • Mauritius Colony Map Colony Map • • • • • Angola Mozambique Guinea Bissau Cape Verde São Tomé and Príncipe Colony Map German Colonies • Tanzania* • Burundi ** • Rwanda ** • Cameroon *** • Togo *** • Namibia **** German colonies were divided among the European victors of WWI *=became a British colony **=became a Belgian colony ***=became a French colony ****=was occupied by South African government Colony Map Belgian Colonies • Democratic Republic of Congo • Rwanda (after WWI) • Burundi (after WWI) Italian Colonies • Libya • Eritrea • Somalia Spanish Colonies • Western Sahara • Morocco • Equatorial Guinea Colony Map Independent Countries Liberia (often viewed as a US colony) Ethiopia Colony Map Decolonization/ African Independence • Mid 1900s – Africans are rebelling against colonial rule (nationalism); Europe is losing control over colonies • 1960-1965 – 27 countries see independence • Africans are just going to adopt colonial borders despite the fact these borders ignore ethnic divisions • Many rival tribes will be left to fight for control of the country – civil wars erupt all over Africa South Africa • Most recent “independence” • 1994 - gained independence from the white Afrikaner government known for its apartheid practices • Nelson Mandela – – – – First president of an independent South Africa Had been jailed by the Afrikaner gov’t for 27 yrs President from 1994 – 1999 Won Nobel Peace Prize for his struggle to end the injustices of apartheid in 1993 Post Independence Problems facing Africa today • • • • • • • • • Overpopulation/ Population Density Lack of technology & infrastructure development Low GDP & GDP per capita Disease – malaria & AIDS Corrupt governments Civil War Famine Poor use of natural resources Still western imperialism – economic imperialism