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Basics of Analog to Digital Converter ENGI 1040 Mechatronics Module Sensors • A device that measures or detects a realworld condition, such as motion, heat or light and converts the condition into an analog electrical voltage or signal can be called sensor. • Example : An optical sensor detects the intensity or brightness of light and shows it in terms of electrical voltage/ signal. Analog Signal • An Analog or analogue signal is any continuous electrical signal that increases and decreases in response to changes in sound, light, heat, position, or pressure. • It is called analog as it is analogues to the change of the measuring domain (light, distance etc.) Analog Signal Signal (Voltage) Maximum Say 7 Volt Minimum 0 Volt Time Say, a voltage response ANALOGUES to light intensity Digital Signal • A digital signal is the representation of analog electrical signal by some discrete digital values. Digital Signal ADC Output Maximum say, 111 Digital Value (eg. 011) Minimum t1 t2 t3 000 Time Minimum 0 Volt 7 111 6 110 5 101 4 100 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000 Digital Output Maximum (Full Scale) Say 7 Volt Levels formed by 3 bit A/D Example : 3 bit A/D Time Minimum 0 Volt 7 111 6 110 5 101 4 100 3 011 2 010 1 001 0 000 Digital Output Maximum (Full Scale) Say 7 Volt Levels formed by 3 bit A/D 3 bit A/D Time Resolution of A/D converter • Resolution of an ADC or A/D converter is defined by bits. • Say, 3 bit A/D converter – It is going to divide the full scale of input analog signal into 23-1 = 7 segments or levels • The more the resolution the higher the precision of signal conversion. 4 bit A/D Maximum (Full Scale) Say 7 Volt 15 1111 1110 … … … … … 0001 0000 Digital Output 0 Levels formed by 4 bit A/D Minimum 0 Volt Time Application • Analog-to-Digital converters or A/D converters - are widely used by many engineers and scientists of all types, often without their realizing it. • Whenever we make a measurement of a real world responses, and that response is taken into a computer, an A/D is used. • Example: measuring distance, light intensity, rotation of any device (RPM) etc. Optical Sensor in 1040 Lab Voltage output Analog Signal produced by the sensor obstacle emitting Distance from an obstacle (cm) receiving Optical Sensor in 1040 Lab Obstacle Lens LED Position Sensitive Detector Optical Sensor in 1040 Lab Obstacle Lens LED Position Sensitive Detector Position Sensitive Detector Application of an A/D by studying a case Next Week….