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Multimedia Introductory Course in Electric Energy Systems Michigan Tech University Leonard Bohmann Bruce Mork Noel Schulz Dennis Wiitanen 5/23/2017 1 Part 1 What works What doesn’t 5/23/2017 2 Objectives of The New Core Course Broader Scope electric energy production, transmission and distribution, and utilization Multidisciplinary mechanical engineering, chemistry, business Societal Issues economic, regulatory, and environmental issues 5/23/2017 3 Michigan Tech Test Bed (quarters) Intro to Energy Conversion Intro to Power Sys Electric Machines Power Sys I Power Sys II 5/23/2017 4 Goals 1) Provide an Exciting Introduction to Energy Systems for all students 2) Serve as a Feeder Course for Students interested in Power 5/23/2017 5 What Doesn’t Work Broad Survey Course Broad Survey Course Goal 1 Introduction Goal 2 Feeder 5/23/2017 6 What Does Work Focused Survey Course Focused Survey Course Goal 1 Introduction Goal 2 Feeder 5/23/2017 7 Why? Retention in Follow-On Courses 5/23/2017 8 What Students Like • Practical Material – relate material to them • Non-technical Aspects – relate technical to business and economic aspects • Exciting Lectures 5/23/2017 9 Topical Outline • Background material – ac steady state circuits, ac power, three-phase circuits • Sources of Electrical Energy – PV, batteries, thermal central station, renewables, distributed generation, economic/environmental costs • Transformers – single phase equivalent circuit, qualitative discussion otherwise 5/23/2017 10 Topical Outline (continued) • Fundamentals of Electromechanical Energy Conversion – forces on conductors, induced voltages on conductors, motivated by ideal linear motor • Fundamentals of Power Electronics – ideal switches, buck converter,3 phase bridge inverter, power supplies 5/23/2017 11 Topical Outline (continued) • Synchronous Machines – qualitative description, round rotor equivalent circuit with reactance, power/angle relations • Coal Fired Power Plant – coal handling to electricity out – economics and environmental regulations 5/23/2017 12 Topical Outline (continued) • Power System Overview – central station, distributed generation, • Electrical Faults and Protection – Single Phase or 3f to ground, sectionalizers, reclosers, fuses • Distribution Systems – layout, equipment, operations • Loads – system loads variation, induction machines, speed control 5/23/2017 13 Continuing Development Right Mix of Topics Instructional Aids 5/23/2017 14 Part 2 Instructional Material Web Development 5/23/2017 15 Electrical Energy Conversion 5/23/2017 16 General Overview 5/23/2017 17 Green House Effect 5/23/2017 18 Coal 5/23/2017 19 Fuel Cell 5/23/2017 20 Wind 5/23/2017 21 Solar 5/23/2017 22 Animations Aids Visualization and Understanding 5/23/2017 23 1 f Armature Reaction 5/23/2017 24 3 f Armature Reaction 5/23/2017 25 Transient Stability 5/23/2017 26 Lead Acid Battery 5/23/2017 27 PN Junction 5/23/2017 28 PV Effect 5/23/2017 29 Case Study An Introduction to Photovoltaics • Solar power applications: spacecraft, calculators, solarfarms (on-grid), remote sites (off-grid). • Solar Farms – Austin Power & Light (300 MW) – 3M Research, Austin (300 KW concentrator) – SMUD (2.4 MW) • An Off-Grid Application – Mt. Baldy Mobile Radio Repeater Site, Utah 5/23/2017 30 Mount Baldy Solar-Powered Communications Installation • Used as lead-in example – Photovoltaic generation – Battery storage • Practical Design and Performance Issues – – – – Limited winter sunlight Temperature Extremes On 9050-ft Mountain Reliability is crucial 5/23/2017 31 Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Energy • AM0 = 1367 mW per sq cm (space) • AM1 = 1000 mW per sq cm (direct overhead sunlight) • Sun’s inclination angle further reduces available energy. 5/23/2017 32 Temperature Effects • Voltage output increases at lower temperatures. • Batteries can be charged to higher voltage and operate more efficiently when cold. • Equipment may be damaged by overvoltage, so may need to be protected by VR. 5/23/2017 33 Battery Selection, Factors • Ni-Cad vs. lead-acid • Sedimentation • Stratification of electrolyte. • Memory effects • Deep cycling • Temperature Effects • Specific gravity of electrolyte, freezing 5/23/2017 34 Coordination of Solar Array and Battery Charging System • System operates at higher voltage in cold can store more energy. • Alarms and equipment disconnect if batteries discharge too far. • Arrays, batteries, loads must be coordinated! 5/23/2017 35 System Configuration • Dual arrays and regulators for reliability • Alarms transmitted for low voltage • Even lower voltage: disconnect equip. • Fuses for short-circuit protection 5/23/2017 36 Photovoltaic Experiment • Inexpensive to buy and implement – $20 solar cell – 120-volt spot lamp – Light meter • Fundamental concepts emphasized – – – – Luminous flux (lumens) vs. radiant flux (watts) Maximum power point I-V curves vs. light level Theoretical and observed behaviors match 5/23/2017 37 Photovoltaic Lab Setup 5/23/2017 38 Output Characteristics Voltage vs Current for the Photovoltaic Cell with varying Light intensity 3 Current (mA) 2.5 2 82 ft. Candles 1.5 30 ft. Candles 1 16 ft. Candles 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 Voltage (V) 5/23/2017 39 Educational Case Study on Power System Blackout Restoration What is a case study? Why should we develop them for power engineering? • Educational tool used by business for many years. • Students read about problem, solutions to other similar problems and then tackle their own problem. • Case study library very old without many problems in EE or power • Research related case studies on too high a level for introduction to power course. 5/23/2017 41 Purpose of Case Study • Application-oriented examples of real life scenarios to help motivate students • Create modern educational tools of our field • Stimulates interest in Power Engineering • Combines education with fun for students • Expands students knowledge about power systems and a specific topic 5/23/2017 42 Goals • Completion of open-ended exercises to see how the student can immediately apply their newly acquired knowledge • Introduction to advanced power system subjects 5/23/2017 43 Case Study Layout Introduction Module 1 All About Blackouts Module 2 Supplemental Web Pages General Guidelines on Power Restoration Module 3 Description of the Tools Used to Restore Power Module 4 Module 5 Appendix on Specific Restoration Terms A list of Related Papers for Furthur Information Module 6 Example Case 5/23/2017 44 5/23/2017 45 Supplemental Web Pages Steady State Overloads Links on Blackout Examples Cascading Failures Islands Syncronization Case Study Frequency Excursions Large Standing Phase Angles Backbones Example Pictures of: -Circuit Breakers -Sectionalizers -RTU's 5/23/2017 46 5/23/2017 47 Implementation • Part of EE 380- Introduction to Power Systems Class • Fall Quarter 1998 – Done as Extra Credit • Winter Quarter 1998-99 – Project in class with 72 students • Spring and Summer – Modifications and Improvements 5/23/2017 48 Case Study Assignment • • • • WWW case study Questions Problems with Power World Report 5/23/2017 49 Assessment • 85% of students said the case study project was very useful or somewhat useful • In final evaluations students asked for more problems like case study. Many mentioned it as best part of class. • Students’ overall impression of power engineering went up after class with case study. 5/23/2017 50 Challenges with Case Study • WWW projects mean WWW accessslow near end of term and down time. • Software compatibility and size issues. • Some students want to be spoon fed. 5/23/2017 51 Future Work • The case study will be continuously updated with student and faculty feedback. • Additional case studies for college and K12 students are currently being developed. • Encourage other faculty to create case studies on power engineering topics. 5/23/2017 52 References • PowerWorld Corporation, 2004 South Wright Street, Suite 100,Urbana, IL 61801 – 9503, www.powerworld.com • R. Billinton et. al, " A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes- Basic Data," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, ol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1238-1244, August 1989 • C.Middlebrook, V. Ranganathan and N. Schulz, “A Case Study on Blackout Restoration as an Educational Tool,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, under review. 5/23/2017 53 Acknowledgements • Chris Middlebrook and Viswajit Ranganathan • Siemens and Northern States Power Company for their contributions to the case study. 5/23/2017 54 Other Initiatives Power Engineering Videos • IEEE PES Power Engineering Education Committee trying to help promote power engineering • Video #1: High School/ Early College Available • Video #2: Junior/Senior College in Development – Need suggestions on type of companies to videotape – Need reviewers for script and pre-production 5/23/2017 55 Other Initiatives Listservers [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (Summer 99) Web Pages www.ee.mtu.edu/us_pen (links to Educational Initiatives Schools) PES / PEEC Instructional Courseware (Summer 99) 5/23/2017 56 Other Initiatives Summer PES Meeting Panel Session (Edmonton, July) Frontiers in Education Session (San Juan, November) Teaching Effectiveness Workshop (before PES SM 2000, Seattle, July ‘00) 5/23/2017 57