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Kingdom Plantae
•Be able to identify key structural
adaptations in the plant cladogram
•Describe the adaptations that allowed
plants to colonize land
•Also, describe various adaptations that
make plants more successful on land
Given the info below about some major classifications of plants (or
plant-like organisms), develop a cladogram showing their
evolutionary relationship and noting key changes as they evolve
Gymnosperms – include conifers like pine trees and ginkos; contain well-developed
vascular tissue; have “naked” seeds (seeds are not enclosed); fertilization does not
require a water source
Pteridophytes – include ferns; contain vascular tissue and branching fronds; called
“seedless plants,” they lack seeds but produce spores; water is required for
fertilization
Bryophytes – include mosses and liverworts; developing embryo is attached to and
nourished by parent; spores contain sporopollenin; lack vascular tissue and true
stems, roots, and leaves; require water for fertilization
Angiosperms – include flowering plants; contain highly specialized and developed
vascular tissue; water is not require for fertilization; seeds are enclosed within a fruit
or nut
Charophyceans – include green algae; embryos not attached to parent; spores lack
sporopollenin to protect spores
Plant Cladogram – arrange phyla according to their
adaptations and evolution
Alternation of Generations
Overview
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Working in Groups of Up to 4…
•Make a poster of “The Evolution of Plants”
•Be sure to reflect key events/adaptations
that allowed plants to colonize land
•You may go back as far as prokaryotes in
lineage…
•You must include “alternation of
generations” and the following terms:
bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperm,
angiosperm, tracheophyte
How do I study for this stuff?!
•Draw and label diagrams and cladograms
•Come up with mnemonics (like King Phillip
Came Over For Great Soup)
•Try to answer the “self quiz” questions in
the textbook (the answers are there for you
to check)
Important Adaptations for Plants
Be able to arrange these adaptations chronologically
with the evolution of the different phyla of plants (from
bryophytes to pteridophytes, etc)
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Attached zygote
Losing dependence on water for fertilization
Development of seeds to nourish embryos
Development of sporopollenin to protect spores
Development of fruits/nuts to protect/disperse seeds
Alternation of generations (between multicellular diploid
sporophyte and multicellular haploid gametophyte)
• Protected gametangia (structures holding egg and sperm…
the archegonia and antheridia)
• Development of vascular tissue