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Slide 1 Structure of Plants Slide 2 1. 2. 3. A. Functions of Roots Anchor & support plant in the ground Absorb water & minerals Hold soil in place Root Hairs Fibrous Roots Slide 3 B. Root Types Tap Root 1. Fibrous Roots: 2. Tap Roots –larger central branching roots hold soil in place to prevent soil erosion root reaches deep water sources underground Ex. Grasses Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions Slide 4 C. The Structure of a Root Root Hairs Phloem Xylem Meristem Root Cap 1. Root Hairs: increase surface area for water & mineral absorption 2. Meristem: region where new cells are produced 3. Root Cap: protects tip of growing root Slide 5 A. Functions of Stems 1.Support system for plant body 2.Transport system carries water & nutrients 3.Holds leaves & branches upright Looking at the Each light and dark picture the left: tree ringtoequals one year of annual growth. What years had Light rings for fast the most rain? spring growth, dark for slow summer growth. What Smalleryears rings tell of experienced the past droughts that have occurred. worst drought? Slide # 6 A. Functions of Leaves 1. Main photosynthetic organ 2. Broad, flat surface increases surface area for light absorption 3. Have systems to prevent water loss • Stomata open in day but close at night or when hot to conserve water • waxy cuticle on surface 4. System of gas exchange • Allow CO2 in and O2 out of leaf Elephant Ear Plant Slide # 7 B. Leaf Structures Leaf Cross-Section 1.Cuticle: waxy layer; covers upper surface Cuticle 2.Veins: transports water, nutrients and food • Made of xylem and phloem 3.Mesophyll: contains cells that perform photosynthesis b/c they contain Chloroplasts. Mesophyll • Protects leaf against water loss Veins Stoma (Opening) 2 Guard Cells Surround each Stoma Stoma- singular Stomata-plural Slide # 8 More Plant Parts… 4. Guard cells: • cells that open and close the stoma 5. Stomata: openings in leaf’s surface; when open: • • GAS EXCHANGE: Allows CO2 in & O2 out of leaf TRANSPIRATION: Allows excess H2O out of leaf Guard Cells Stoma Slide # 9 What goes O2 out? What goes in? Stoma Function of Stomata •What process involves Guard Cells Guard Cells using CO2 and H2O H2O releasing O2 as a waste product? •Photosynthesis CO2 Stoma Open •What is the plant using this processStoma to make? Closed •Carbohydrates-glucose •If the plant needs water for photosynthesis, why is water coming out of the stoma? Slide # 10 Function of Guard Cells •These stomata (leaf Guard Cells openings) naturally allow water to evaporate out. Guard Cells •Why would the plant close stomata with guard cells? •Prevent excess water loss through transpiration. (conserveStoma water)Open •So what is the point of having stomata? •Allow gas exchange for photosynthesis Stoma Closed Slide # 11 C. Plants find a use for Transpiration 1. Transpiration: loss of excess water from plant leaves 2. Significance: a. Transpiration causes enough pressure to help pull water (& required nutrients) up stem from roots. b. As part of the water cycle, trees transpire water back into the atmosphere. c. Transpiration provides much of the daily rain in rainforest. A B A average size maple tree can transpire 200 liters of water per hour during the summer. Transpiration is the #1 driving force for pulling water up stems from roots. Slide # 12 Structure of a Flower 1.Pistil:female reproductive structure a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps pollen b.Style: slender tube; transports pollen from stigma to ovary c.Ovary: contains ovules; ovary develops into fruit d.Ovule: contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized Stamen Anther Filament Ovule Stigma Pistil Style Ovary Petal Sepal Slide # 13 Structure of a Flower 2.Stamen: male reproductive structure a.Filament: thin stalk; supports anther b.Anther: knob-like structure; produces pollen c.Pollen: contains microscopic cells that become sperm cells Stamen Anther Filament Ovule Stigma Pistil Style Ovary Petal Sepal Slide # 14 Structure of a Flower 3.Sepals: encloses & protects flower before it blooms Stamen Anther Filament Stigma Pistil Style Ovary 4.Petals: usually colorful & scented; attracts pollinators Ovule Petal Sepal Slide # 15 Cross Pollination • How does pollination happen? • Pollen from an anther is caught by the stigma, travels through style to the ovules in the ovary. • What is the result of pollination? • A Fruit: An ovary containing seeds. Slide # 16 Plant Responses and Adaptations Slide #17 Hormone Action on Plants A. Plant cells can produce hormones: which are chemical messengers that travel throughout the plant causing other cells called target cells to respond. B. In plants, hormones control: Movement of hormone Hormoneproducing cells Target cells 1. Plant growth & development 2. Plant responses to environment Cells in one blooming flower signals other blooms using hormones to open. Slide # 18 C. Plant cells will send signals to one another to tell them: 1. When trees to drop their leaves. 2. When to start new growth. 3. When to cause fruit to ripen. 4. When to cause flowers to bloom. 5. When to cause seeds to sprout. Tree Budding Fruit Ripening Cactus Blooming Leaf Drop Sprouting Corn Seeds Slide # 19 D. Ethylene causes Fruit to Ripen 1.Fruit tissues release a small amount of ethlyene 2.Causes fruits to ripen. 3.As fruit become ripe, they produce more and more ethlyene, accelerating the ripening process. Ethylene released by apples and tomatoes causes fruit to age quickly. Slide # 20 Plant Tropisms 1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to stimuli in the environment. a.Phototropism: growth response to light -Plants bend towards light a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity -plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems) grow up against gravity and out of the soil. a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch -vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes when leaves are touched Slide # 21 What type of tropism is shown in these pictures? Examples Nonvascular Plants Any of various plants that lack vascular tissue; a bryophyte. Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. -These plants have no vascular tissue, so the plants cannot retain water or deliver it to other parts of the plant body. --The bryophytes do not possess true roots, stems, or leaves, although the plant body is differentiated into leaflike and stemlike parts. In some species, there are rootlike structures called rhizoids. -With no vascular tissue, the bryophytes cannot retain water for long periods of time. Consequently, water must be absorbed directly from the surrounding air or another nearby source. This explains the presence of mosses in moist areas, such as swamps and bogs, and on the shaded sides of trees. Nonvascular lifecycle Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular pla Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) -are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. -Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. -Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, but neither name is very widely used. Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. -The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. -These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. -All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant. Seedless vascular lifecycle Gymnosperm Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae) is a group of spermatophyte seed-bearing plants with ovules on scales,which are usually arranged in cone-like structures. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word gymnospermos (γυμνόσπερμος), meaning "naked seeds" and referring to the unenclosed condition of the seeds, since, when they are produced, they are found naked on the scales of a cone or similar structure. Often gymnosperms are used for economical uses and as folk medicines. Some common uses for them are as soap, varnish, lumber, paint, food, and perfumes. There are between 700 and 900 species of Gymnosperm. Conifers are by far the most abundant gymnosperms with around 600 species. Cycads are the next most abundant group with about 130 species. Approximately 75 - 80 species of Gnetales exist and only one species of Ginkgo remains today. Pteridosperms are sometimes used as a root. Examples of gymnosperms include cypress, juniper, and — most well known — pine, fir, and redwood. Included in this group are the tallest trees, Giant sequoia, and the world's oldest living trees, the Bristlecone pines that grow only on the North American continent. Gymnosperm lifecycle Classes of Angiosperms Monocotyledonae (Monocots) – Very few are annuals – Lilies, grasses, cattails, palms, yuccas, orchids, irises Dicotyledonae (Dicots) – More primative, 1/6 are annuals – Almost all kinds of trees and shrubs – Snapdragons, mints, peas, sunflowers Angiosperm lifecycle Monocots The Monocotyledonae comprise one-quarter of all flowering plant species. -They include some of the largest and most familiar groups of plants, including lilies, orchids, agaves, palms, and grasses. -The monocots are quite diverse, ranging from tiny duckweeds to large palms and climbing vines. -Economically, monocots are perhaps the most important organisms on earth. Our four most important foods -- corn, rice, wheat, and barley -- all come from monocots. -Bamboo and palms are a primary source of building materials and fibers in many tropical countries. Sugar cane, pineapples, dates, bananas, and many of our familiar tropical fruits also come from monocots. Monocot characteristics Dicots Dicotyledonous plants (dicots) are the second major group of plants within the Angiospermae division (flowering plants with seeds protected in vessels). The other major group is the monocots. In contrast to monocots, dicots have an embryo with two cotyledons, which give rise to two seed leaves. The mature leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the flowers have four or five parts. Apart from cereals and grasses that belong to the monocot group, most of the fruits, vegetables, spices, roots and tubers, which constitute a very important part of our daily diet, are classified as dicots. In addition, all legumes, beverages such as coffee and cocoa, and a great variety of flowers, oil seeds, fibers, and woody plants belong to the dicot group. Dicot characteristics MONOCOTS DICOTS Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons Pollen with single furrow or pore Pollen with three furrows or pores Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or five Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present Annual- plants that live for only one year or less. They sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce ,and die in a single growing seasons. Examples: marigolds, impatients, panseys Biennial- plants have life spans that last for two years. Many have large storage roots. During the first year the plant grows leaves and develops a strong root system. Over winter the above ground portion dies back but the roots remain alive. During the second year the storage root produces new shoots. Examples: carrots, beets, turnips Perennials Live for several years and produce flowers and seeds. Normally at least once each year. Many have woody stems. They also can have underground storage systems. Examples: Lilies, Brambles, Iris